Sir Edward Cook in Ihis life o [ Florence Nightingale recalls tlus amongst so many 'Pungent observations as an ,illustration of her dedication to ract rather than to imagination, to thc objective rather than to the empirical, to the statistical and not Ito the anecdotal attitudes man 'can takc towards problem 'Solving. ' ~What does ~t pfll V?" sruid the old lSootc'hwoman of IParadise L<1st and ...

We present an Evolutionary Programming Hyper-heuristic (EPH) implemented for the Cross-Domain Heuristic Search Challenge 2011. The proposed method combines an evolutionary programming approach and co-evolution. The solving process of EPH consists in evolving a population of solutions by applying heuristics sequences. The heuristics sequences are also in a population and evolve according to thei...

Mature IgM(+) B-cell lymphomas that arise in certain ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM)-deficient compound mutant mice harbor translocations that fuse V(D)J recombination-initiated IgH double-strand breaks (DSBs) on chromosome 12 to sequences downstream of c-myc on chromosome 15, generating dicentric chromosomes and c-myc amplification via a breakage-fusion-bridge mechanism. As V(D)J recombina...

BACKGROUND Immunoglobulin class-switch recombination defects (CSR-D) are rare primary immunodeficiencies characterized by impaired production of switched immunoglobulin isotypes and normal or elevated IgM levels. They are caused by impaired T:B cooperation or intrinsic B cell defects. However, many immunoglobulin CSR-Ds are still undefined at the molecular level. OBJECTIVE This study's object...

The Hyper-immunoglobulin M syndromes (HIGM) are a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders resulting in defects of immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR), with or without defects of somatic hypermutation (SHM). They can be classified as defects of signalling through CD40 causing both a humoral immunodeficiency and a susceptibility to opportunistic infections, or intrinsic defects in B ...

Immunological memory has long considered to be harbored in B cells that express high-affinity class-switched IgG. IgM-positive memory B cells can also be generated following immunization, although their physiological role has been unclear. In this study, we show that bacterial infection elicited a relatively large population of IgM memory B cells that were uniquely identified by their surface e...