Climate and weather conditions, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation, precipitation and temperature influence the birth sex ratio (BSR) of various higher latitude species, including deer, elephant seals or northern human populations. Although, tropical regions show only little variation in temperature, climate and weather conditions can fluctuate with consequences for phenology and food resou...

age were examined relative to climate variability and climate change. Good correlations were also found with climatic variables such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Aleutian Low Pressure Index, or water temperature alone (Peterman, MacFarlane, Brown, Schweigert, Bonk, Tarasyuk). Competition with other pelagic species was suggested as a possible mechanism explaining changes in growth of chub...

This chapter reviews recent advances in understanding the diabatic and nonlinear aspects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In particular, it reviews the research leading to the view that averaged over the decadal or longer time scales, ENSO acts as a basin-scale heat mixer in the tropical Pacific. This heat mixer regulates the long-term temperature difference between the surface water...

Recent evidences of the impact of persistent modes of regional climate variability, coupled with the intensification of human activities, have led hydrologists to study flood regime without applying the hypothesis of stationarity. In this study, a framework for flood frequency analysis is developed on the basis of a tool that enables us to address the modelling of non-stationary time series, na...

Long-term (1967-2008) glass eel catches were used to investigate climatic effects on the annual recruitment of Japanese eel to Taiwan. Specifically, three prevailing hypotheses that potentially explain the annual recruitment were evaluated. Hypothesis 1: high precipitation shifts the salinity front northward, resulting in favorable spawning locations. Hypothesis 2: a southward shift of the posi...

[1] The observed evolution of the global‐mean surface temperature over the twentieth century reflects the combined influences of natural variations and anthropogenic forcing, and it is a primary goal of climate models to represent both. In this study we isolate, compare, and remove the following natural signals in observations and in climate models: dynamically induced atmospheric variability, ...

[1] We study the effect of ocean biology on tropical surface temperatures using a simplified coupled atmosphere-ocean model. It is shown that moderate phytoplankton blooms, occuring e.g. during La Niña conditions, lead to a vertical redistribution of heat in the surface layers and an associated surface layer warming of about 20 W/m. The positive airsea coupling in the eastern equatorial Pacific...

A strengthening of the Amundsen Sea low from 1979 to 2013 has been shown to largely explain the observed increase inAntarctic sea ice concentration in the eastern Ross Sea and decrease in the Bellingshausen Sea. Here it is shown that while these changes are not generally seen in freely running coupled climate model simulations, they are reproduced in simulations of two independent coupled clima...

Climate influences a variety of ecological processes. These effects operate through local weather parameters such as temperature, wind, rain, snow, and ocean currents, as well as interactions among these. In the temperate zone, local variations in weather are often coupled over large geographic areas through the transient behavior of atmospheric planetary-scale waves. These variations drive tem...

The long-term goal of this project is to developing a seamless weather and climate prediction system that has capability to predict accurately both weather phenomena such as tropical cyclones (TC) and other extreme weather events and longer climate-scale phenomena such as the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Organized moist convections in the tropical...