Climatological planetary albedo obtained from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) D-series flux dataset is broken down into contributions from the surface and atmosphere in cryosphere regions. The atmosphere accounts for much more of climatological planetary albedo ( 75%) than the surface at all times of the year. The insignificance of the surface contribution over hig...

We describe a statistical analogue resampling scheme, similar to the “intentionally biased bootstrap”, for future climate projections whose only constraint is a prescribed linear temperature trend. It provides a large ensemble of dayto-day time series of single-station weather variables and other climatological observations at low computational cost. Time series are generated by mapping time se...

BACKGROUND Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) is the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in the United States. Although the host risk factors for the development of PcP are well established, the environmental (climatological, air pollution) risk factors are poorly understood. The major goal of this study was to determine the environm...

Inverse modeling activities in oceanography have recently been intensified, aided by the oncoming observational data stream of WOCE and the advance of computer power. However, interpretations of inverse model results from climatological hydrographic data are far from simple. This thesis examines the behavior of an inverse model in the WOCE CME (Community Modeling Effort) results where the physi...

One of the outstanding questions regarding the observed relationship between October Eurasian snow cover anomalies and the boreal winter northern annular mode (NAM) is what causes the multiple-week lag between positive Eurasian snow cover anomalies in October and the associated peak in Rossby wave activity flux from the troposphere to the stratosphere in December. This study explores the follow...

We describe a method for removing ionospheric effects from single-frequency radio data a posteriori. This method is based on a theoretical climatological model developed by the USAF, which returns ne(~r, t) along the line of sight to the source. Together with a model of B⊕, ionospheric delay and Faraday rotation values ensue. If contemporaneous ionospheric data — GPS TEC observations or ionoson...

Equatorial planetary waves are a fundamental component of the tropical climate system. Previous studies have examined their structure in the climatological-mean circulation, their role in the climatological-mean momentum balance of the tropics, and their contribution to the climatological-mean upwelling across the tropical tropopause. In this study, the authors focus on the contribution of the ...

Balanyà et al. (Reports, 22 September 2006, p. 1773) build on earlier claims that chromosomal inversion polymorphisms of Drosophila subobscura are rapidly evolving in response to global warming. However, that conclusion is not adequately buttressed by their data, because they overlooked the lag between calendar and climatological dates created by the progressive lengthening of the growing seaso...

In recent years extensive studies on the Earth’s climate system have been carried out by means of advanced complex network statistics. The great majority of recent studies, however, have been focusing on investigating interaction structures within single climatological fields directly on or parallel to the Earth’s surface. It is well-known, however, that many processes observed in the Earth sys...