Three computer models of varying complexity were developed in order to investigate the kinematics, kinetics, muscle operating ranges, and energetics of rock climbing. First, inverse dynamic models were used to investigate the joint angles and torques used in climbing and to quantify the total mechanical work required for typical rock climbing. Climbing experience was found to have a significant...

European eel (Anguilla anguilla) is a catadromous fish species that received substantial attention as its population has markedly declined in the last three decades. The possible causes of this decline include habitat fragmentation factors such as dams and weirs. In some cases, these obstacles are equipped with fish friendly passage devices that may select young eels according to their climbing...

tumor cells are dependent on angiogenesis to obtain oxygen and nutrients and also development of their new vascular network. vegf as an important stimulator of angiogenesis and endostatin as an inhibitor play a fundamental role in this process. this study was designed to investigate the effect of six weeks of resistance training on tumor tissue vegf andendostatin in mice with breast cancer. for...

Structural changes in Purkinje cells have been identified in the essential tremor cerebellum, although the mechanisms that underlie these changes remain poorly understood. Climbing fibres provide one of the major excitatory inputs to Purkinje cells, and climbing fibre-Purkinje cell connections are essential for normal cerebellar-mediated motor control. The distribution of climbing fibre-Purkinj...

The auxiliary voltage-gated calcium channel subunit β4 supports targeting of calcium channels to the cell membrane, modulates ionic currents and promotes synaptic release in the central nervous system. β4 is abundant in cerebellum and its loss causes ataxia. However, the type of calcium channels and cerebellar functions affected by the loss of β4 are currently unknown. We therefore studied the ...

The inferior olivary nucleus provides one of the two main inputs to the cerebellum: the so-called climbing fibers. Activation of climbing fibers is generally believed to be related to timing of motor commands and/or motor learning. Climbing fiber spikes lead to large all-or-none action potentials in cerebellar Purkinje cells, overriding any other ongoing activity and silencing these cells for a...

a cross-sectional study with children's and parents' self-completed questionnaires was carried out to evaluate parents' ideas on children's risk-takjng behaviours and children's risky activities after school hours by age (7 and 9 years) and sex. nine elementary schools were randomly selected and 476 puphs aged seven and nine years and 471 parents were studied. most pare...

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) plays a crucial role in generating the stress response. During early development CRF also acts as a neuromodulator and triggers neurite outgrowth. Here, we evaluate the effects of CRF on afferent systems of cerebellar Purkinje cells using mice overexpressing CRF, particularly in brain. We hypothesize that CRF not only stimulates dendritic development, but ad...