A nested PCR was developed for detection of the Clostridium botulinum type C1 toxin gene in sediments collected from wetlands where avian botulism outbreaks had or had not occurred. The C1 toxin gene was detected in 16 of 18 sites, demonstrating both the ubiquitous distribution of C. botulinum type C in wetland sediments and the sensitivity of the detection assay.

Schneider, Morris D. (Quartermaster Food and Container Institute for the Armed Forces, U.S. Army, Chicago, Ill.), Nicholas Grecz, and Abe Anellis. Sporulation of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, and E, Clostridium perfringens, and Putrefactive Anaerobe 3679 in dialysis sacs. J. Bacteriol. 85:126-133. 1963.-Concentrated cultures of spores of Clostridium botulinum type A (33A, 37A), B (41B, 51B)...

JANSEN, B. C. The toxic antigenic factors produced by Clostridium botulinum types C and D. Onderstepoort ]. vet Res., 38 (2), 93-98 (1971). The toxic factors produced by Clostridium botulinum (Van Ermengem, 1896), types C and D were determined. Monospecific antisera were prepared against the different factors. It was shown that type Coc produces factors C" C2 and D; type C f3 produces factor C ...

We encountered a patient with infant botulism caused by a single clone of Clostridium botulinum type B. In the early convalescent phase, a C. botulinum type B-like nontoxigenic organism emerged in the feces instead. Growth inhibition of toxigenic strains by nontoxigenic strains was examined.

A nonproteolytic, nontoxigenic Clostridium botulinum strain identified by conventional and molecular techniques as type B-, E-, or F-like (BEF-like) was isolated from a human postsurgical wound. All previous reports of such strains have been from environmental sources. Since toxin production is the main taxonomic denominator for C. botulinum, a new name is needed for nonproteolytic, nontoxigeni...

A selective and differential growth medium was developed for detection of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, and F. The medium consisted of peptone-glucose-yeast extract agar supplemented with cycloserine, 250 micrograms/ml; sulfamethoxazole, 76 micrograms/ml; and trimethoprim, 4 micrograms/ml as selective inhibitors and various types and levels of botulinal antibodies for type differentiation i...

A significant number of genome sequences of Clostridium botulinum and related species have now been determined. In silico analysis of these data revealed the presence of two distinct agr loci (agr-1 and agr-2) in all group I strains, each encoding putative proteins with similarity to AgrB and AgrD of the well-studied Staphylococcus aureus agr quorum sensing system. In S. aureus, a small diffusi...