The movements of organisms can be thought of as aggregations of motion primitives: motion segments containing one or more significant actions. Here, we present a means to identify and characterize motion primitives from recorded movement data. We address these problems by assuming that the motion sequences can be characterized as a series of dynamical-system-based pattern generators. By adoptin...

This paper presents energy-saving driving methods for freight trains. First, we discuss a strategy that conserves energy considering running resistance and motor efficiency. Secondary, confirm consumption maneuverability, conducting tests on several methods. We also establish an simulation method by reproducing tests. Finally, verify the proposed simulation. proposes combining constant-speed op...

Nearly four years ago, two teams of observational astronomers reported that high-redshift type Ia supernovae are fainter than expected in a decelerating or freely coasting universe. The radical conclusion that the Universe has been accelerating in the past few billion years, possibly due to a nonzero value for Einstein’s cosmological constant, has gripped the world of astrophysics and caused a ...

Here ψ(E; t) is the energy distribution of a coasting beam. It is often easier in practical applications to follow the evolution of phase space density by tracking a representative distribution of macroparticles using the equations of motion. There are scaling relations derived from the PDE’s which can make dramatic improvements in the efficiency or practical scope of macroparticle models. Scal...

The transverse dynamics of space-charge dominated beams are investigated both analytically and computationally, in order to understand the mechanisms for emittance oscillations and growth due to nonlinear space-charge fields. This work explores the role of space-charge dominated equilibrium and its relationship to phase space wave breaking, which is responsible for the irreversible emittance gr...

The effect of the beam-generated transverse deflecting fields on the emittance of an intense bunch of particles in a high-energy linear accelerator is analyzed in this paper. The equation of motion is solved by a perturbation method for cases of a coasting beam and a uniformly accelerated beam. The results are applied to obtain some design tolerance specifications for the recently proposed SLAC...