We study a model with heterogeneous producers that face collateral and cash in advance constraints. These two frictions give rise to a non-trivial financial market in a monetary economy. A tightening of the collateral constraint results in a credit-crunch generated recession. The model can suitable be used to study the effects on the main macroeconomic variables and on welfare of each individua...

We study an over-the-counter (OTC) market with bilateral meetings and bargaining where the usefulness of assets, as means of payment or collateral, is limited by the threat of fraudulent practices. We assume that agents can produce fraudulent assets at a positive cost, which generates endogenous upper bounds on the quantity of each asset that can be sold, or posted as collateral in the OTC mark...

Now that systemic-pulmonary collateral arteries are used for unifocalization in patients with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect, the question arises whether morphologic criteria of these collateral arteries could help to provide better results. In an attempt to classify the morphologic features of systemic-pulmonary collateral arteries, we studied 31 heart-lung autopsy specimens w...

Humans have pre-formed collateral vessels that enlarge with ischemia. In addition, new vessels can be formed within ischemic zones from pre-formed endocardial arcades of vessels providing rich collateral flow. Collateral flow under resting conditions (if >25% of normal) is enough to maintain myocardial viability, but may be insufficient to prevent myocardial ischemia under stress. Coronary angi...

BACKGROUND The clinical diagnosis of thumb ulnar collateral ligament disruption has been based on joint angulation during valgus stress testing. This report describes a definitive method of distinguishing between complete and partial ulnar collateral ligament injuries by quantifying translation of the proximal phalanx on the metacarpal head during valgus stress testing. METHODS Sixty-two cada...

BACKGROUND The involvement of collateral blood flow/fluid shear stress, nitric oxide (NO), and macrophages during collateral growth (arteriogenesis) is established, but their interplay remains paradoxical. METHODS In order to further elucidate the "fluid shear stress/NO/macrophage" paradox, we investigated the time course of collateral blood flow (using a Doppler flow probe) and NOS expressio...

AIMS Collateral arteries are a common but inconsistent finding in coronary heart disease (CHD). We endeavoured to review the methods for coronary artery collateral assessment, the predictors and clinical importance of collateral blood flow, and the potential for therapeutic augmentation of collateral anastomoses. METHODS AND RESULTS While many methods have been used to assess collateral blood...

BACKGROUND A study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of interlobar collateral ventilation in patients with severe emphysema to identify factors that may help to predict patients with significant collateral ventilation. METHODS Between April 2002 and August 2003, ex vivo assessment of the lungs 17 consecutive patients with smoking related severe emphysema was performed. To assess collate...

OBJECTIVES Evaluation of collateral vascular circulation according to hemodynamic variables and its relation to myocardial ischemia. BACKGROUND There is limited information regarding the hemodynamic quantification of recruitable collateral vessels. METHODS Angiography of the donor coronary artery was performed before and during balloon coronary occlusion in 63 patients with one vessel disea...

Collateral ventilation allows gas exchange in pulmonary units distal to an airway obstruction. Regional control of this airflow may be possible because smooth muscle exists in the wall of collateral pathways. Evidence of an intrasegmental cholinergic control of these pathways has been previously shown. We performed this study to investigate the possible control of collateral ventilation by chol...