in many countries, particularly developing countries, economic reforms, especially privatization, are considered as a strategic approach. the growth of the government decreases the competition in the market, and so, some fields should be privatized in order to create the competition.  by moving towards privatization and the changes in competition methods and the presentation of the world trade,...

In this paper we argue that flexible learning, as is prevailing among Australasian higher education institutions in recent years, is not without a price. Through a review of literature, we try to uncover provisos underpinning flexible learning. That is, all flexibilities come with provisos, pre-conditions, and commitments (or even inflexibilities). In order to make one aspect of the instruction...

Dretske, F. 1970. Epistemic operators. Journal of Philosophy 67: 1007–23. Dretske, F. 1981. The pragmatic dimension of knowledge. Philosophical Studies 40: 363–78. Lewis, D. 1979. Scorekeeping in a language game. Journal of Philosophical Logic 8: 339–59. Lewis, D. 1996. Elusive knowledge. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 74: 549–67. Stine, G. C. 1976. Skepticism, relevant alternatives, and de...

We design an experiment to study the effects of transparency on bargaining processes. We show that whether transparency arrises endogenously depends on the degree of competition between subjects. In a competitive setting there is no transparency: subjects use private communication channels to compete for favors from those in power and establish backroom deals. In the absence of competition the ...

In this review, structural and functional changes are described in single-species, even-aged, stands undergoing competition for light. Theories of the competition process as interactions between whole plants have been advanced but have not been successful in explaining these changes and how they vary between species or growing conditions. This task now falls to researchers in plant architecture...

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When entering the global market, companies encounter several difficulties, the most severe being long product development times and too high costs of sequential product and process development. In order to overcome this problem, the companies will have to make a shift from sequential product and processes development (which is wasteful regarding time and costs) to a project-driven concurrent pr...