We present a picture of confinement based on representation of quarks as pointlike topological defects. The topological charge carried by quarks and confined in hadrons is explicitly constructed in terms of Yang-Mills variables. In 2+1 dimensions we are able to construct a local complex scalar field V (x), in terms of which the topological charge is Q = − i 4π d 2 xǫ ij ∂ i (V * ∂ i V − c.c.). ...

introduction use of hadron therapy as an advanced radiotherapy technique is increasing. in this method, secondary particles are produced through primary beam interactions with the beam-transport system and the patient’s body. in this study, monte carlo simulations were employed to determine the dose of produced secondary particles, particularly neutrons during treatment. materials and methods i...

The high energy limit of QCD is controlled by the small-x part of a hadron wavefunction. I argue that this part is universal to all hadrons and is composed of a new form of matter: a Colored Glass Condensate. This matter is weakly interacting at very small x, but is non-perturbative because of the highly occupied boson states which compose the condensate. Such a matter might be studied in high ...