using the electrostatic capacity of a condenser, the existence of a distance function on a finsler space is discussed. this distance function divides finsler spaces into the two classes, denoted here by i and ii. the topology generated by this distance on the finsler spaces of class ii coincides with its intrinsic topology. this work provides a natural extension of mathematical analysis tools n...

Blair's recent theory of excitation is analysed with the following conclusions: 1. The theory is inapplicable to currents of long duration; i.e., slowly increasing currents and the opening excitation. 2. The theory is a modification of the condenser theory of excitation but the modification is to be rejected on three grounds: (a) The modification has no obvious physical significance. (b) It doe...

The corona discharge in the steam is investigated theoretically and experimentally in means of implementation with the steam condenser for the improved phase-change rate. The considered phenomena include the nucleation of water vapor on mobile charge carriers, the electrohydrodynamic vapor flow toward the condenser wall and the thermodynamics of the charged micro-droplet. The average size of mi...

By a spherical gravitating condenser we mean two concentric charged shells made of perfect fluids restricted by the condition that the electric field is nonvanishing only between the shells. Flat space is assumed inside the inner shell. By using Israel’s formalism we first analyze the general system of N shells and then concentrate on the two-shell condensers. Energy conditions are taken into a...

Zernike phase contrast x-ray microscope has been developed at the undulator beamline 20XU and 47XU of SPring-8. The system consists of a pseudo-Köhler-illuminating system, a Fresnel zone plate objective with outermost zone width of 100 nm, a Zernike phase plate (0.96-m-thick tantalum, /4 or 3/4 phase-shifter at 8 keV) installed at the back-focal plane of the objective, and a visible-light co...

Joule-Thomson cooling systems are used in refrigeration and liquefaction processes. There are extensive studies on Joule-Thomson cryogenic systems, but most of them coverage steady state conditions or lack from experimental data. In the present work, transient thermal behavior of Joule-Thomson cooling system including counter current helically coiled tube in tube heat exchanger, expansion valve...

Many different devices and cycle arrangements can be used in part.ially cooling gas for helium liquefaction . With the exception of the Simon freeexpansion type liquefier , howeverwhich is suitable only for small-yield, batch productionall uch arrangements have a final stage at the lowest temperatures, in which a so-called Joule-Thomson proces takes place. This process may be considered to incl...