We show that rain events are analogous to a variety of nonequilibrium relaxation processes in Nature such as earthquakes and avalanches. Analysis of high-resolution rain data reveals that power laws describe the number of rain events versus size and number of droughts versus duration. In addition, the accumulated water column displays scale-less fluctuations. These statistical properties are th...

A common thread across the reviews was a request for more justification of the retrieval of a height-invariant Nw, and for evaluation of the retrievals through the vertical profile. In response we have added Figs. 5, 9 & 12 evaluating the averaged vertical profile of retrieved and forward-modelled variables in key precipitation regimes: moderate stratiform rain (case 1), light stratiform rain w...

Two simple heuristic model formulations for warm rain formation are introduced and their behavior explored. The first, which is primarily aimed at representing warm rain formation in shallow convective clouds, is a continuous collection model that uses an assumed cloud droplet size distribution consistent with observations as the source of embryonic drizzle drops that are then allowed to fall t...

Many studies have reported on the trends of precipitation in Mid-Eastern China (EC). However, the trends of convective and stratiform precipitation are still unknown. Here, we examine the trends of summer convective and stratiform precipitation in EC from 2002 to 2012 on the basis of the TRMM observations. Results revealed that the rain frequency (RF) for both convective and stratiform precipit...

This study evaluates the precipitation product of the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) over the Mexican region during the period between April 2014 and October 2015 using three different time scales for cumulative precipitation (hourly, daily and seasonal). Also, the IMERG data have been analyzed as a function of elevation given the rain gauges ...

[1] Precipitation measurements in complex terrain are difficult to obtain, particularly during convective thunderstorm precipitation or mixed rain and snow. In such cases, stream stage recorders distributed across many small, headwater streams can bridge the gap between point measurements of precipitation and larger-scale total basin discharge. We use case studies from two steep basins with sha...

Abstract A persistence theorem for attracting invariant tori for systems subjected to rapidly oscillating perturbations is proved The singular nature of these perturbations prevents the direct application of the standard persistence results for normally hyperbolic invariant manifolds However as is illustrated in this paper the theory of normally hyperbolic invariant manifolds when combined with...

Since 1980, the number of undernourished people in eastern and southern Africa has more than doubled. Rural development stalled and rural poverty expanded during the 1990s. Population growth remains very high, and declining per-capita agricultural capacity retards progress toward Millennium Development goals. Analyses of in situ station data and satellite observations of precipitation have iden...

A procedure to accurately resample spaceborne and ground-based radar data is described, and then applied to the measurements taken from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) and the ground-based Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D or WSR) for the validation of the PR measurements and estimates. Through comparisons with the well-calibrated, non-atte...

The various precipitation types formed within winter storms (such as snow, wet snow and freezing rain) often lead to very hazardous weather conditions. These types of precipitation often occur during the passage of a warm front as a warm air mass ascends over a cold air mass. To address this issue further, we used a one-dimensional kinematic cloud model to simulate this gentle ascent (≤10 cm/s)...