Afferent input caused by electrical stimulation of a peripheral nerve increases corticospinal excitability during voluntary contractions, indicating that proprioceptive sensory input arriving at the cortex plays a fundamental role in modulating corticospinal excitability. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the effect of electrical stimulation on the corticospinal excitability ...

Let C v be a complete, algebraically closed non-archimedean field, and let f ∈ ( z ) rational function of degree d ≥ 2 . If satisfies bounded contraction condition on its Julia set, we prove that small perturbations have dynamics conjugate to those their sets.

It was shown in [2] that if T is a contraction in a Hilbert space with finite defect (‖T‖ ≤ 1, rank(I−T ∗T ) <∞), and its spectrum σ(T ) doesn’t coincide with the closed unit disk D, then the following Linear Resolvent Growth condition ‖(λI − T )−1‖ ≤ C dist(λ, σ(T )) , λ ∈ C\σ(T ), implies that T is similar to a normal operator. The condition rank(I − T ∗T ) < ∞ characterizes how close is T to...

Muscle force is potentiated by countermovement; this phenomenon is called stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) effect. In this study, we examined the factors strongly related to SSC effect in vivo, focusing on tendon elongation, preactivation, and residual force enhancement. Twelve healthy men participated in this study. Ankle joint angle was passively moved by a dynamometer, with a range of motion f...

We present accidental findings that potassium channel blockers, such as tetraethyl-ammonium (TEA) or 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), inhibit the sustained tonic contraction induced by carbachol in rat detrusor muscle strips. The relatively lower concentrations (<2 mM) of TEA and 4-AP inhibited phasic and tonic contractions induced by 5 micro M carbachol, whilst the relatively higher concentrations of T...

In this note, we study Luenberger-type full-state observers for nonlinear systems using contraction theory. We show that if the matrix measure of a suitably defined Jacobian matrix constructed from the dynamics of the system-observer interconnection is uniformly negative, then the state estimate converges exponentially to the actual state. This sufficient condition for convergence establishes t...

Lateral ankle ligaments are injured by hyperinversion of the foot. Foot position is controlled by the lower limb muscles. Awareness of foot position is impaired by wearing shoes. We aimed to determine the influence of wearing shoes upon muscle activity. Sixty-two healthy subjects underwent the same measurements, barefoot and with standardized shoes in a random order. Electromyography (EMG) was ...

The objective of the present study was to investigate the time to fatigue and compare the fatiguing condition among the three heads of the triceps brachii muscle using surface electromyography during an isometric contraction of a controlled forceful hand grip task with full elbow extension. Eighteen healthy subjects concurrently performed a single 90 s isometric contraction of a controlled forc...

Background. Muscle strength is markedly reduced in stroke patients, which has negative implications for functional capacity and work ability. Different types of feedback during strength training exercises may alter neuromuscular activity and functional gains. Objective. To compare levels of muscle activity during conditions of blindfolding and intended high contraction speed with a normal condi...

OBJECTIVE Unilateral hand contractions have been shown to induce relative activation of the contralateral hemisphere, which is in turn associated with distinct motivational states. Specifically, right hand contraction increases relative left activation and promotes an approach state, and left hand contractions promote relative right activation and withdrawal states. Using the same hand clenchin...