INTRODUCTION US legislation requires that schools offer free drinking water where meals are served. However, little information is available about what types of water delivery systems schools should install to meet such requirements. The study objective was to examine the efficacy and cost of 2 water delivery systems (water dispensers and bottleless water coolers) in increasing students' luncht...

Active refrigeration of optoelectronic components through the use of thin film solid state coolers based on III-V materials is proposed and investigated. Enhanced cooling power comparing to the thermoelectric effect of the bulk material is achieved through thermionic emission of hot electrons over a heterostructure barrier layer. It is shown that these heterostructures can be monolithically int...

A preference experiment was conducted to compare and evaluate the use of three cooling systems by mature gilts. Systems evaluated were snout coolers (S), drip coolers (D), and conductive cool pads (P). Preference for cooling system and pen position were continuously monitored and evaluated during daily heat stress conditions (34.2 +/- 2.8 degrees C), nightly warm conditions (26.6 +/- 2.3 degree...

In this work a method of analysis for synthetic dyes was developed using capillary electrophoresis in alcoholic beverages. The analyses were carried out with fused silica capillary, with 73 cm effective length, at 35 degrees C, buffer phosphate solution of 10 mmol/L with sodium dodecyl sulphate 10 mmol/L, pH 11, and +25 kV of voltage. For dye analyses, three wavelengths in the visible region we...

If a current pulse with a magnitude several times higher than the steady state optimum current is applied to a thermoelectric cooler, an instantaneously lower temperature than that reachable at the steady state can be obtained. Most previous studies of this transient cooling effect focus on the minimum temperature achievable for free standing thermoelectric (TE) elements. In this work, we syste...

The influence of the ambient air temperature on changes in parameters and thermophysical characteristics gas pumped through underground pipeline was investigated. This done because there are no scientifically sound recommendations for optimal after coolers at compressor station. presence site inversion heat exchange between soil – a change direction along length revealed. It proved that above s...

Compact high-effectiveness Counter Flow Heat EXchangers (CFHEX) are crucial components of recuperative coolers, such as Joule-Thomson and Turbo-Brayton coolers remote cooling systems realised by a convective loop. This paper presents design analysis cryocooler-based system that extends the capabilities two-stage cryocooler. Increased heat exchange between high- low-pressure channels is establis...

Abstract Terrestrial radiative cooling is an intriguing way to mitigate the accelerating demands in residential and commercial sectors by offering zero‐energy cooling. However, ultra‐white or mirror‐like appearance of coolers can be visually sterile raise safety issues when applied building facades vehicles en masse. To overcome fundamental trade‐off between color diversity performance, a radia...

The dynamic testing of a two stage reciprocating air compressor with interand after-cooling during the steady and transient state operation is reported and the encountered problems discussed. Measurements and recordings of the instantaneous temperature and pressure in cylinders, suction and discharge chambers and in the associated pipework and air-coolers were carried out together with the inst...