in this research the cooperative sector's law has been analyzed under the general headings cooperative as an economic sector, cooperative's and cooperatives :union:’s nature, and damages of the acts to the law and the normal function of cooperatives and at the end it has been analytically concluded that regarding the stated structural and legal deficiencies while keeping the cooperati...

The research policy community has produced a significant body of empirical research on benefits of cooperative research between industry and university. However, in spite of a lively policy debate on the subject, it has all but ignored empirical Ž . study on the ‘‘costs’’ or unintended consequences of these activities e.g., erosion of academic freedom . In fact, only four empirical articles ass...

Agriculture is one of the most vulnerable sectors to climate change. Farmers have been exposed to multiple stressors including climate change, and they have managed to adapt to those risks. The adaptation actions undertaken by farmers and their decision making are, however, only poorly understood. By studying adaptation practices undertaken by apple farmers in three regions: Nagano and Kazuno i...

We present two solution algorithms for a large-scale integrated assessment model of climate change mitigation: the well known Negishi algorithm and a newly developed Nash algorithm. The algorithms are used to calculate the Paretooptimum and competitive equilibrium, respectively, for the global model that includes trade in a number of goods as an interaction between regions. We demonstrate that ...

Reproductive cooperation in social animals has been the focus of intensive research, yet the role of environmental factors in promoting such cooperation remains uncertain. A recent global analysis suggested that cooperative breeding in birds is a 'bet-hedging' strategy associated with climatic uncertainty, but it is unclear whether this mechanism applies generally or is restricted to the insect...

In this paper we introduce the CLIMNEG World Simulation (CWS) model for simulating cooperative game theoretic aspects of global climate negotiations. The model is derived from the seminal RICE model by Nordhaus and Yang (1996). We rst state the necessary conditions that determine optimal investment and emission abatement paths under alternative cooperation regimes, and then we test empirically ...

Social dilemmas are central to human society. Depletion of natural resources, climate protection, security of energy supply, and workplace collaborations are all examples of social dilemmas. Since cooperative behaviour in a social dilemma is individually costly, Nash equilibrium predicts that humans should not cooperate. Yet experimental studies show that people do cooperate even in anonymous o...