Thermo-active structures exchange heat with the ground to provide thermal energy buildings. Consequently, is subjected changes in temperature, inducing thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) interactions within soil. To insights into origin and manifestations of main mechanisms taking place complex fully THM-coupled finite element (FE) analyses, simple, one-dimensional problems are firstly analysed this...

A general framework for the thermodynamics of open systems is presented. The theory is fundamentally based on the generalized balance of mass, which is enhanced by additional surface-°ux and volume-source terms. The presentation highlights the in°uence of the enhanced mass balance on the remaining balance equations. To clarify the impact of the variable reference density, we introduce the notio...