Visual environments contain many cues to properties of an observed scene. To integrate information provided by multiple cues in an efficient manner, observers must assess the degree to which each cue provides reliable versus unreliable information. Two hypotheses are reviewed regarding how observers estimate cue reliabilities, namely that the estimated reliability of a cue is related to the amb...

Two experiments used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the cortical areas involved in establishing an expectation about the direction of motion of an upcoming object and applying that expectation to the analysis of the object. In Experiment 1, subjects saw a stationary cue that either indicated the direction of motion of a subsequent test stimulus (directional cue) or prov...

Teachers make a variety of judgments as they teach. The accuracy these may influence instruction and student achievement. This study examined how accurately religious educators judge learning, what cues report using to judgements, cue utilization affected their accuracy. Judgment was greater for teachers who reported related class performance than those did not. not personal attributes did. The...

A speaker extraction algorithm seeks to extract the speech of a target from multi-talker mixture when given cue that represents speaker, such as pre-enrolled utterance, or an accompanying video track. Visual cues are particularly useful is not available. In this work, we don’t rely on speaker’s speech, but rather use face track cue, referred auxiliary reference, form attractor tow...

Two experiments using social stimuli tested a recurrent neural network model’s predictions for cue competition for causes and effects. The delta-rule based model predicts the presence of cue competition for effects as well as for causes as a result of an asymmetry in the bidirectional associative strengths between the relevant cue-outcome pairs. This model can capture cue competition for effect...

The conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm entails appetitive learning and is utilized to investigate the motivational effects of drug and natural reward in rodents. However, a typical CPP design does not allow dissociation between cue- and context-dependent appetitive learning. In humans, context and cues that had been associated with drug reward can elicit conditioned response and drug c...

The present series of experiments explores the interaction between retroactive interference and cue competition in human contingency learning. The results of two experiments show that a cue that has been exposed to a cue competition treatment (overshadowing) loses part of its ability to retroactively interfere with responding to a different cue that was paired with the same outcome. These resul...

Multisensory calibration is fundamental for proficient interaction within a changing environment. Initial studies suggested a visual-dominant mechanism. More recently, a cue-reliability-based model, similar to optimal cue integration, has been proposed. However, a more general, reliability-independent model of fixed-ratio adaptation (of which visual dominance is a subcase) has never been tested...

Highand low-distractible retardates of mixed etiology and normals of a comparable MA learned a 3-choice size discrimination with and without an additional cue. For i of the Ss in the cue conditions the cue always indicated the correct stimulus (positive condition), and for the other i the cue indicated an incorrect stimulus (negative condition). For J of the Ss in each of the cue conditions the...