Abstract In this study, we introduce a parameterization scheme for slantwise convection (SC) to be considered models that are too coarse resolve explicitly (with horizontal grid spacing coarser than 15 km or less). This SC operates in locally defined 2D cross section perpendicular the deep-layer-averaged thermal wind. It applies momentum tendency adjust environment toward neutrality with prescr...

Abstract Cumulus entrainment is a complex process that has long challenged conceptual understanding and atmospheric prediction. To investigate this observationally, two retrievals are used to generate multi-year climatologies of shallow-cumulus bulk ( ? ) at Atmospheric Radiation Measurement cloud observatories, one in the US southern Great Plains (SGP) other Azores archipelago eastern North At...

In this paper, an idealized, high-resolution simulation of a gradually forced transition from shallow, nonprecipitating to deep, precipitating cumulus convection is described; how the cloud and transport statistics evolve as the convection deepens is explored; and the collected statistics are used to evaluate assumptions in current cumulus schemes. The statistical analysis methodologies that ar...

Abstract. The lightning assimilation (LTA) technique in the Kain–Fritsch convective parameterization Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model has been updated applied to continental hemispheric simulations using flash data obtained from National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) World Wide Location (WWLLN), respectively. LTA uses trigger via realistic temperature moisture perturbations. im...