the debate whether esp teachers need to have knowledge of the specialized field they are teaching has been an issue in the literature over the last two decades. the aim of conducting this study was to explore iranian learners’ and instructors’ beliefs and attitudes concerning the role of specialized knowledge in teaching esp classes. a seventeen item questionnaire was administered to 400 esp le...

Objectives: Plasmatic total ghrelin levels (ie, acylate & unacylated isoformes) are changeable during malnutrition, starvation regime, exercise bouts, obesity and hyperglycemia conditions. Studies have reported increases, decreases or no change in total ghrelin concentrations as a resultsresults of exercise. WalkingSince walking is used as a movement current pattern with a different lifestyle c...

with the introduction of communicative language teaching, a large number of studies have concerned with students’ oral participation in language classrooms. although the importance of classroom participation is evident, some language learners are unwilling to engage in oral activities. this passivity and unwillingness to participate in language classroom discussions is known as “reticence”. rev...