Across four studies, we found evidence for an implicit pro-White leadership bias that helps explain the underrepresentation of ethnic minorities in leadership positions. Both White-majority and ethnic minority participants reacted significantly faster when ethnically White names and leadership roles (e.g., manager; Study 1) or leadership traits (e.g., decisiveness; Study 2 & 3) were paired in a...

Numerous studies have found a negative relationship between the closeness of an election, the size of the electorate and voter turnout. It is often claimed that this relationship supports the rational voter hypothesis, with closeness and size proxying for the decisiveness of a vote. We offer a different interpretation. Larger communities are more heterogeneous than smaller ones, and turnouts ar...

The SCLP (Social Choice Logic Programming) approach aims to model the axioms of collective decision making and to prove the classical results on preference aggregation computationally, such as Arrow’s social welfare function and its variants, by using PROLOG, albeit for the smallest case. This paper aims to extend and improve the SCLP approach in two directions. First, the Cube-First Method (CF...

We propose a new local learning scheme that is based on the principle of decisiveness: the learned classifier is expected to exhibit large variability in the direction of the test example. We show how this principle leads to optimization functions in which the regularization term is modified, rather than the empirical loss term as in most local learning schemes. We combine this local learning m...

We address the problem of multi-objective constraint optimization problems (MO-COPs). Solving an MO-COP traditionally consists in computing the set of all Pareto solutions (i.e. the Pareto front). But this Pareto front is exponentially large in the general case. So this causes two main problems. First is the time complexity concerns. Second is a lack of decisiveness. In this paper, we present t...

This investigation explores a comparative study of both the linear and kernel implementations of three of the most popular Appearance-based Face Recognition projection classes. These are Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Independent Component Analysis (ICA). The experimental procedure provides a platform of equal working conditions and examines algorithm...

This paper presents new results obtained from investigating the data from a 2015 Vietnamese entrepreneurs' survey, containing 3071 observations. Evidence from the estimations using multinomial logits was found to support relationships between several sociocultural factors and entrepreneurship-related performance or traits. Specifically, those relationships include: (a) Active participation in e...

Two wealth effects typically arise in any contest: i) wealth decreases the marginal cost of effort, but also ii) decreases the marginal benefit of winning the contest. In this paper, we introduce three types of strategic contest models depending on whether the first, second, or both wealth effects play a role: namely, a privilege contest, an ability contest, and a rent-seeking contest. Our theo...

This article introduces an individual-difference measure of the need for cognitive closure. As a dispositional construct, the need for cognitive closure is presently treated as a latent variable manifested through several different aspects, namely, desire for predictability, preference for order and structure, discomfort with ambiguity, decisiveness, and close-mindedness. This article presents ...

Abstract Japan has long strived to acquire a more influential voice in trade negotiations but failed because of the lack decisiveness rooted resistance from those who have vested interests. However, series domestic reforms undertaken since 1990s made it possible for play leadership role new rulemaking international trade. After Trump administration withdrew United States Trans-Pacific Partnersh...