background: closure of patent ductus arteriosus (pda), ventricular septal defect (vsd) and atrial septal defect (asd) can be done surgically or by device. this study was designed to compare the total cost of surgical or device closures of pda, asd or vsd for iranian patients. methods: this is a cross-sectional study, conducted from january 1, 2005 until january 1, 2006 in two large heart center...

this is a case presentation of a 26-year-old woman with a moderate-sized atrial septal secundum defect (17mm) who underwent catheterism, during which an amplatzer septal occluder number 26 was inserted successfully. on the second postoperative day, she deteriorated and a clinical examination showed a typical tamponade. after a percutaneous aspiration of the pericardial cavity and transient impr...

Defect avoidance methods are likely to play a key role in overcoming the challenge of mask blank defectivity in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. In this work, we propose an innovative EUV mask defect avoidance method. It is the first approach that allows exploring all the degrees of freedom available for defect avoidance (pattern shift, rotation and mask floorplanning). We model the defec...

Friction stir lap welding (FSLW) between SPC270 steel sheet and A6061 aluminum alloy were investigated with the effect of tilt angle plunge depth tool. Tilt 3 degree improved material flow suppressed generation defect in weld. The weld strength increased tool achieved maximum value 212 MPa at 0.15 mm depth. From TEM observation, uniform reaction layer 450 nm was formed on interface. On interfac...

This paper reports on recent efforts with the ultimate goal to obtain a fully self-consistent picture of turbulent boundary layer separation. To this end, it is shown first how the classical theory of turbulent small-defect boundary layers can be generalised rigorously to boundary layers with a slightly larger, i.e. moderately large, velocity defect and, finally, to situations where the velocit...

The atomic structure of a planar defect with a ~001! habit plane in single crystal layered perovskite SrBi2Ta2O9 is determined by high-resolution Z-contrast imaging. We found that the defect forms a structure, with two Sr–Ta–O perovskite blocks connected by a metallic Sr2 plane, rather than a Bi2O2 layer as in the perfect crystal. This defect is expected to be an efficient hole trap and may hav...

We present the results of calculations of the structure and ionic conduction mechanisms in the superionic compounds P-A1203 and Li3N.

Experimental research has enhanced the knowledge acquired from theoretical and field sources of when and how groups can solve the problem of collective action through self-governing mechanisms. Widespread agreement exists that cooperation can happen, but little agreement as to how. As a first step, we propose that individuals may use three layers of information in deciding about their level of ...