1. There is suggestive evidence that the septo-hippocampal system and the amygdala are involved in risk assessment behavior, a response to potential threat possibly related to anxiety. In addition, experimental results have been reported implicating the medial hypothalamus in coordinated escape, while the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) and the median raphe nucleus serotonergic projection to t...

In male dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis), experimentally elevated testosterone (T) decreases male parental care and offspring survival, but results in higher overall fitness through greater mating success. To help address the ensuing question of what prevents selection from favoring higher levels of T in male juncos, we manipulated T in female juncos. A previous study demonstrated no effect of...

The oxytocinergic system is critically involved in the regulation of maternal behavior, which includes maternal aggression. Because aggression has been linked to anxiety, we investigated the maternal aggression and the role of brain oxytocin in lactating Wistar rats selectively bred for high anxiety-related behavior (HAB) or low anxiety-related behavior (LAB) during the 10 min maternal defense ...

Drugs that are clinically effective against generalized anxiety disorder preferentially alter rodent risk assessment behavior, whereas drugs that are clinically effective against panic disorder preferentially alter rodent flight behavior. The theoretical principle of "defensive direction" explains the pattern of associations between emotion and defensive behavior in terms of the differing funct...

abstract in this study the relationship among perfectionism, defense styles and depression symptoms was studied. participants were 426 undergraduate students from the university of guilan (264 females, 162 males), who were selected through randomized clustering multistage method. all participants were asked to complete the multidimensional perfectionism scale (hewitt & flett, 1991), the defense...

State defense, especially the Unitary of Republic Indonesia, which is based on philosophy Pancasila and 1945 Constitution, determination, attitude, behavior citizens, both individually collectively, to uphold a state sovereignty, as well territorial integrity, for safety nation state. This study tries explain how activities Defense University help students at SMAN 67 Jakarta adopt mentality. To...