Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is a widely used index of water-quality assessment. Since bioelectrochemical BOD biosensors require anaerobic conditions for anodic reactions, they are not directly used in aerobic environments such as aeration tanks. Normally, the BOD biosensors are closed-type, where the anode is packed inside a closed chamber to avoid exposure to oxygen. In this study, a novel...

BACKGROUND Sugarcane distilleries use molasses for ethanol production and generate large volume of effluent containing high biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) along with melanoidin pigment. Melanoidin is a recalcitrant compound that causes several toxic effects on living system, therefore, may be treated before disposal. The aim of this study was to isolate a potent...

We use the voluntary adoption of the NuVal shelf nutrition labels by a grocery retailer to estimate the value of these labels to shoppers in the yogurt category. Using an incomplete quadratic almost ideal demand system to represent consumer demand, we found a statistically significant positive effect of these shelf labels on demand for yogurt with above-average NuVal scores. The coefficients on...

We investigate whether math tests taken by German primary and secondary students during a high stakes grade produce higher scores than done low grades. define as the final of or school, because good performance in that can affect future opportunities. Our difference-in-differences estimates show increase on average 0.17 to 0.22 standard deviations grades, sizeable effect. Reading scores, howeve...

The demand for gigabit-speed fiberoptic communication and the rising popularity of fiberoptics in RF/microwave systems have led to many advances in high-speed photodetector technology. Specific application requirements have spurred development of novel device structures to improve the speed, responsivity, and power-handling capabilities of high-speed detectors. Simultaneously, advances in mater...