BACKGROUND Dental erosion is the chemical dissolution of tooth structure in the absence of bacteria when the environment is acidic (pH < 4.0). Research indicates that low pH is the primary determinant of a beverage's erosive potential. In addition, citrate chelation of calcium ions may contribute to erosion at higher pH. The authors of this study determined the erosive potential measured by the...

Diastereoselective radical coupling was achieved with chiral auxiliaries. The radicals were generated by anodic decarboxylation of five malonic acid derivatives. These were prepared from benzyl malonates and four menthol auxiliaries. Coelectrolyses with 3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid in methanol at platinum electrodes in an undivided cell afforded hetero-coupling products in 22-69% yield with a dias...

The aim of this paper is to compare the behaviour of Polish and Romance pronominal clitics in tense auxiliary constructions and to account for Polish facts. First, we present the system of Polish auxiliaries, briefly comparing it to Romance. Then, we discuss clitic climbing (CC), the phenomenon well-known in Romance. We contrast Polish CC with CC in Italian and French. Finally, we present a for...

We consider a data set with missing observations but known auxiliaries for the sample and develop a real donor imputation. For each unit with missing observations we construct a distribution over a set of possible donors. We want the expectation (or distribution) to be chosen so that the expectation (or distribution) of the imputed values should equal the distribution of the units’ true values....

This paper discusses whether there are elements in spoken Sinhala that can be appropriately labeled auxiliary verbs, adopting the framework of grammaticalization theory (Hopper and Traugott 1993). While auxiliaries are thought of as a nearly universal cross-linguistic category (Steele 1978), the term is not mentioned in standard works on Sinhala (Gair and Paolillo 1997, Gair 1998). On the basis...

This paper provides a semantic analysis of restrictions on quantification into doxastic modals uncovered by von Fintel and Iatridou (2003). The restrictions are made to follow from the architecture of a new theory of semantic interpretation, deriving from an asymmetry in the introduction of doxastic and non-doxastic modal bases. The analysis can be seen as a concrete extension of Kratzer (1991)...

effective methodologies for efficient preparation of semicarbazones from aldehydes or ketones via milling and the subsequent regeneration of the parent carbonyls by gaseous nitrogen dioxide are described under solid-solid and gas-solid reaction conditions, respectively. these methods are fast, simple and environmentally benign which do not require the use of any auxiliaries such as catalysts or...

With nursing expanding ever upwards and outwards, it should not be surprising that competent and committed auxiliaries will fill the vacuum left behind.

Helicenes are unique helical chromophores possessing advanced and well-controlled spectral and chemical properties owing to their diverse functionalization and defined structures. Specific modification of these molecules by introducing aromatic rings of differing nature and different functional groups results in special chiroptical properties, making them effective chiral auxiliaries and supram...