In 1971, 44 percent of workers who had been currently entitled to social security disability insurance (DI) benefits for 1 year or more also received benefits from at least one other source. Their average disability insurance benefit was higher than that of persons who received only DI benefits. On the average, total benefits to those receiving multiple benefits were double the amounts paid to ...

BACKGROUND Disease has become one of the key causes of falling into poverty in rural China. The poor households are even more likely to suffer. The New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) has been implemented to provide rural residents financial protection against health risks. This study aims to assess the effect of the NCMS on alleviating health payment-induced poverty in the Shaanxi Province o...

Understanding how sterile worker castes in social insects first evolved is one of the supreme puzzles in social evolution. Here, we show that in the bee tribe Allodapini, the earliest societies did not entail a foraging worker caste, but instead comprised females sharing a nest with supersedure of dominance. Subordinates delayed foraging until they became reproductively active, whereupon they p...

C. W. W. Pirk, P. Neumann, and F. L. W. Ratnieks Lehrstuhl für Verhaltensphysiologie und Soziobiologie, Zoologie II, Biozentrum, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa, Institut für Zoologie/Molekulare Ökologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kröllwitzer Str. 44, D-06099 Hall...

BACKGROUND Despite the worthy intentions of international health partnerships between high-income countries and countries with developing economies, the tangible benefits are rarely evaluated, limiting the assessment of the achievements of such collaborations. METHODS The present study used longitudinal qualitative methods to examine the individual and organisational benefits of a partnership...

PURPOSE This study determines what young adolescents themselves identify as the potential positive and negative outcomes of having sex, using a condom and not using a condom. METHODS Using written surveys, 418 ethnically diverse ninth graders, 86% of whom had never had sex, responded to a scenario describing two adolescents who had sex. One randomly selected group read a scenario in which a c...

The multiple pharmacological actions of a unique compound are a prerequisite for classifying drugs as highly efficacious, because the multiple pharmacological actions offer the possibility of treating various symptoms of chronic diseases as described below. 1) Sustained hyperglycemia induces macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Antihyperglycemic medication ...