oxymetholone is an orally active anabolic-androgenic steroid. oxymetholone was synthesized in 1959.it is a 17α-methylated, 5 α-saturated compound. this drug is used for the treatment of a variety diseases including anemia, growth delay in kids, myocardial damage in heart failiure and treatment of hiv associated wasting. unfortunately, some of athletics use this drug because of its anabolic effe...

Patterns of points in the plane can look more or less ordered. An objective measure of the degree of order would be useful in developmental biology. Candidate measures of order were assessed for their agreement with human judgements. The judgement data was collected using a 2AFC task using comparison between pairs of point patterns. No measure agreed with subject data as often as subjects agree...

Consistent left-right (LR) patterning is a clinically important embryonic process. However, key questions remain about the origin of asymmetry and its amplification across cell fields. Planar cell polarity (PCP) solves a similar morphogenetic problem, and although core PCP proteins have yet to be implicated in embryonic LR asymmetry, studies of mutations affecting planar polarity, together with...

The concept of homology continues to attract more and more commentary. In systematic and evolutionary biology the meaning of homology as synapomorphic similarity inherited from a common ancestor has gained wide acceptance over the last three or four decades. In recent years, however, developmental biologists, in particular, have argued for a new approach to, and new definition for, homology tha...

Using biological machinery to make new, functional molecules is an exciting area in chemical biology. Complex molecules containing both 'natural' and 'unnatural' components are made by processes ranging from enzymatic catalysis to the combination of molecular biology with chemical tools. Here, we discuss applying this approach to the next level of biological complexity -- building synthetic, fu...

Translational developmental biology is a growing approach to studying biological phenomena that explicitly aims to develop medical therapies. When discussing the generation of new therapies it is often argued that they will emerge as a ?translation? from ?fundamental biology.? Although translational research is not a new term, ?translational developmental biology? has been steadily gaining popu...

Embryogenesis requires the careful orchestration of complex cellular differentiation events that are precisely tuned by an elaborate array of signaling networks. These networks establish patterning of the embryo body plan and direct the eventual formation of specific body structures. This issue's Developmental Biology Select highlights recent studies that delve into the mechanisms underlying ho...

With high-throughput sequencing, transcriptomics, and proteomics no longer in their “infancy” as described in the preface by author T.A. Brown, Genomes 4 offers an expansive review on a broad spectrum of topics in genetics ranging from the central dogma of genes coding for proteins, to the fine technical details of genome mapping. This edition retains the four-part organization from the previou...

The field of developmental biology has a history that spans the last 500 years. Within the last 10 years, our understanding of developmental mechanisms has grown exponentially by employing modern techniques of genetics and molecular biology, frequently combined with experimental embryology and the use of molecular markers, rather than solely morphology, to identify critical populations of cells...