High-throughput genomic approaches to gene function or target identification have led to the development and implementation of the 96-well format for many standard molecular biology manipulations. The apparatus described here, a Multichannel Plating Unit, is designed to plate out individual cultures efficientlyfrom standard 96-well culture blocks. Following transformation, aliquots of culture a...

Sequence-specific pausing by RNA polymerase (RNAP) during transcription plays crucial and diverse roles in gene expression. In bacteria, RNA structures are thought to fold within the RNA exit channel of the RNAP and can increase pause lifetimes significantly. The biophysical mechanism of pausing is uncertain. We used single-particle cryo-EM to determine structures of paused complexes, including...

he protein that does everything, 14–3-3, has now been shown to direct traffic. Ita O'Kelly, Steve Goldstein, and colleagues (Yale University, New Haven, CT) find that 14–3-3 can displace ␤-COP from various proteins, thus freeing them from retention in the ER and leading to surface expression. Goldstein set out to find proteins interacting with the COOH terminus of a K ϩ leak channel, KCNK3, and...

Gegenstand dieses Beitrags ist ein Optimierungsmodell zur Auswahl und Koordination der Kommunikationskanäle zur Kundenansprache im Multi Channel Management. Dieses ordnet unter Berücksichtigung der verfügbaren Kanal-Kapazitäten den kundenbezogenen Geschäftsprozessen kundengruppenspezifisch den geeignetsten Kommunikationskanal zu. Dabei benennt zunächst eine kurze Motivation den Hintergrund und ...

The ’turbo’ principle has been widely applied to various detection/decoding problems in recent years. Here we show how the general idea can be extended to a communication scheme where a variable length code is used for data compression followed by a channel code to protect the data against channel errors. Iterations are performed between the channel decoder and the decoder for the variable leng...

he protein that does everything, 14–3-3, has now been shown to direct traffic. Ita O'Kelly, Steve Goldstein, and colleagues (Yale University, New Haven, CT) find that 14–3-3 can displace ␤-COP from various proteins, thus freeing them from retention in the ER and leading to surface expression. Goldstein set out to find proteins interacting with the COOH terminus of a K ϩ leak channel, KCNK3, and...

Cell death induced by agents that disrupt microtubules can kill cells by inducing a prolonged mitotic block. This mitotic block is dependent on the spindle assembly checkpoint, a surveillance system that ensures the bipolar attachment of chromosomes to the mitotic spindle before the onset of anaphase. Under some conditions, the spindle assembly checkpoint can become weakened, allowing cells to ...

The T1 recognition domains of voltage-gated K(+) (Kv) channel subunits form tetramers and acquire tertiary structure while still attached to their individual ribosomes. Here we ask when and in which compartment secondary and tertiary structures are acquired. We answer this question using biogenic intermediates and recently developed folding and accessibility assays to evaluate the status of the...

The structure of the protein-translocating channel SecYEβ from Pyrococcus furiosus at 3.1-Å resolution suggests a mechanism for chaperoning transmembrane regions of a protein substrate during its lateral delivery into the lipid bilayer. Cytoplasmic segments of SecY orient the C-terminal α-helical region of another molecule, suggesting a general binding mode and a promiscuous guiding surface cap...

The average bit erasure probability of a binary linear code ensemble under maximum a-posteriori probability (MAP) decoding over binary erasure channel (BEC) can be calculated with the average support weight distribution of the ensemble via the EXIT function and the shortened information function. In this paper, we formulate the relationship between the average bit erasure probability under MAP ...