Estimation of error variance in the case genomic selection is a necessary step to measure accuracy model. For selection, whole-genome high-density marker data used where number markers always larger than sample size. This makes it difficult estimate because ordinary least square estimation technique cannot be datasets parameters greater individuals (i.e., p > n). In this article, two existin...

Thermal expansion and hot deformation are two phenomena causing dimensional errors in investment casting. This error occurs in dimensions between the die and wax pattern. Therefore, the wax's thermo-physical and thermo-mechanical properties, the metal die features, and the process parameters affect the dimensions of the wax pattern. Some important effective process parameters are the injection ...