One of the most remarkable examples of intercontinental disjunction of the North Temperate Flora involves eastern Asia and eastern and western North America. Although there has been considerable interest in this phytogeographic pattern for over 150 years (e.g., Gray, 1859; Li, 1952; Graham, 1972; Boufford and Spongberg, 1983; Wu, 1983; Tiffney, 1985a, 1985b), relationships among taxa displaying...

In [HT11], Horč́ık and Terui show that if a substructural logic enjoys the disjunction property, then its tautology problem is PSPACE-hard. We prove that all substructural logics in the interval between intuitionistic logic and generalized Hájek basic logic have a PSPACE-hard tautology problem, which implies that uncountably many substructural logics lacking the disjunction property have a PSPAC...

In this paper, three new operations have been introduced on intuitionistic fuzzy soft sets. They are based on Second Zadeh‟s implication, conjunction and disjunction operations on intuitionistic fuzzy sets. Some examples of these operations were given and a few important properties were also studied. Index Terms — Second Zadeh‟s implication, Second Zadeh‟s conjunction, Second Zadeh‟s disjunctio...

Recent studies of trisomy 21 have shown that altered levels of recombination are associated with maternal non-disjunction occurring at both meiosis I (MI) and meiosis II (MII). To comprehend better the association of recombination with nondisjunction, an understanding of the pattern of meiotic exchange, i.e. the exchange of genetic material at the four-strand stage during prophase, is required....

We have followed sex and second chromosome disjunction, and the effects of these chromosomes on sperm function, in four genotypes: wild-type males, males deficient for the Y-linked crystal locus, males with an X chromosome heterochromatic deficiency that deletes all X-Y pairing sites, and males with both deficiencies. Both mutant situations provoke chromosome misbehavior, but the disjunctional ...

The well-documented Floridian 'Gulf/Atlantic' marine genetic disjunction provides an influential example of vicariant cladogenesis along a continental coastline for major elements of a diverse nearshore fauna. We are engaged in a two-part study that aims to place this disjunction into a regional Caribbean Basin phylogenetic perspective using the scorched mussel Brachidontes exustus as an exempl...

sustainable development is very important especially in environment. in this paper, the value of sustainable development in environment of iran for iron and steel making in comparison with global, determined by fuzzy logic and expressed by continuous value between zero and one. the following steps were taken in turn: 1- obtaining the related data from internal resources. 2- defining membership ...

Modal dependence logic was introduced recently by Väänänen. It enhances the basic modal language by an operator =(). For propositional variables p1, . . . , pn, =(p1, . . . , pn−1, pn) intuitively states that the value of pn is determined by those of p1, . . . , pn−1. Sevenster (J. Logic and Computation, 2009) showed that satisfiability for modal dependence logic is complete for nondeterministi...