Abstract An investor–State tribunal formed under a bilateral investment treaty (BIT) may be called upon to determine its jurisdiction ratione temporis based on various ‘critical dates’ such as: the date of entry into force BIT; when was made; investor acquired requisite nationality; alleged breach; first knowledge breach and loss; and/or dispute arose. When confronted with temporal issues, trib...

With the growth of information technology and the Internet, a new always-on and global marketplace has transformed business: electronic commerce has appeared in the business and legal landscape. Inevitably, with this new form of commerce came new forms of disputes. As transactions in a global market mean an increased probability of transnational disputes, parties situated sometimes on different...

In 1996, Lord Woolf described a vision for civil English and Welsh justice, culminating in his culture-changing reforms (the Reforms) the Civil Procedure Rules of April 1999. These impose continuing duty on litigants to consider alternative dispute resolution (ADR) preference litigation, even after it has commenced, courts, encourage ADR. duties are central method delivery justice. They require...

Introduction This Overview of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) is intended to serve as a practical introduction to the various mechanisms for resolving disputes between parties. It is designed to inform deliberations among judges, justice ministry officials, and administrators who are considering the possibility of adding new dispute resolution options to the traditional adjudicative model ...