Traditional high-stakes summative assessments--timed, in-class exams accounting for a large percentage of the term's overall grade--have often received criticism from educational community. Such assessments tend to prize particular "narrow bundle skills", and have been shown in some contexts produce disparate outcomes between different demographic groups. Alternative low-stakes potential improv...

Freud's legacy deriving from his work The project for a scientific psychology (1895) could give a new impetus to the dialogue between psychoanalysis and neurosciences. A rapproachment phase is warrented. Based on the work of psychoanalysts who are themselves neuroscientists (such as Mauro Mancia, Martha Koukkou and Harold Shevrin) or have a long term dialogue with neuroscientists (Arnold Modell...

[Excerpt] Dunbabin takes issue with us on the question of whether and by how much the agricultural workers' movement led by Joseph Arch raised agricultural wages in the early 1870s. A number of authors have speculated on what the wage effect might have been, but these speculations have rarely been based on more than a cursory examination of agricultural wage data and they have not been able to ...

Patients are entitled to know about their dental and oral health, and practitioners have an ethical duty to inform them on an honest and factual basis. If this can be done without denigrating one's colleagues in any way, both patients and practitioners can benefit. As professionals, our first obligation is to place the well-being of our patients ahead of our own interests. First and foremost an...