The fourth component of complement (C4) is encoded by two closely linked genes (C4A and C4B) within the MHC. Null alleles at either locus (C4AQO or C4BQO) are relatively common, occurring at the C4A locus in 10% of normal individuals and at the C4B locus in 16% of normal individuals. However, the presence of the double null haplotype (C4A * QO,B * QO) on the same chromosome is extremely rare. W...

Staphylococcus aureus has long been recognised as an important pathogen in human disease. Serious staphylococcal infections can frequently occur in inpatients and may lead to dire consequences, especially for therapy with antimicrobial agents. The increase in the frequency of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as the causal agent of nosocomial infection and the possibility of em...

background and objectives: some 2 million tons of chicken meat is produced by iran per annum, positioning iran among the top producers in the region. this study aimed to evaluate the molecular epidemiology and genetic characteristics of sal- monella enterica enteritidis in iran. materials and methods: a representative selection of isolates (n=76), initially genotyped by a 7-locus mlva typing sy...

Fifty-five epidemiologically linked Aspergillus fumigatus isolates obtained from six nosocomial outbreaks of invasive aspergillosis were subtyped by sequencing the polymorphic region of the gene encoding a putative cell surface protein, Afu3g08990 (denoted as CSP). Comparative sequence analysis showed that genetic diversity was generated in the coding region of this gene by both tandem repeats ...

Extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-E. coli) were isolated from infants hospitalized in a neonatal, post-surgery ward during a four-month-long nosocomial outbreak and six-month follow-up period. A multi-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), using 10 loci (GECM-10), for 'generic' (i.e., non-STEC) E. coli was applied for sub-species-level (i.e., sub-typin...

Uncertainty persists concerning the role of ready-to-eat (RTE) salad as a bacterial reservoir. The attention paid to food safety by international agencies and regulations has not improved despite technological advancements, RTE salad’s microbiological quality still seems challenging. present study’s objective was detect any microorganism in salads sold supermarkets Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, interpr...