Background Muscle cramps affect approximately 1 in 3 people in the general community each year. Many interventions are available for lower limb cramps, but not all are efficacious or supported by evidence. Many treatments are controversial, no treatment guidelines exist, and many people experience no benefit from the interventions prescribed. In clinical trials, no drug treatment for cramps has...

The purpose of this review is to discuss recent findings related to sex differences in behavioral dyscontrol that lead to drug addiction, and clinical implications for humans are discussed. This review includes research conducted in animals and humans that reveals fundamental aspects of behavioral dyscontrol. The importance of sex differences in aspects of behavioral dyscontrol, such as impulsi...

research on assessing craving in laboratory settings often involves inducing and then measuring craving in subjects. cue-induced craving is studied in laboratory settings using the cue reactivity paradigm, in which drug-related photos, videos, evocative scripts, olfactory cues, and paraphernalia may induce craving. cue-induced craving evoked by drug-related stimuli could be associated with rela...

Conflicts in recommended medical interventions regularly arise when multiple treatments are simultaneously needed for patients with comorbid diseases. An approach that can automatically repair such inconsistencies and generate conflict-free combined treatments is thus a valuable aid for clinicians. In this paper we propose an answer set programming based method that detects and repairs conflict...

This article describes how methods of personalized medicine-specifically, pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing-can benefit private health plans, benefits managers, care providers and consumers alike. The authors cover pharmacogenomics as a science and also introduce an innovative way to optimize drug treatments. The article touches on some important clinical outcomes drawn from a recent study in commu...

The action of Ebixa is quite different to, and more complex than, that of Aricept, Exelon and Reminyl. Ebixa blocks a messenger chemical, known as a neurotransmitter glutamate. Glutamate is released in excessive amounts when brain cells are damaged by Alzheimer's disease, which causes the brain cells to be damaged further. Ebixa can protect brain cells by blocking this release of excess glutamate.