Oceanic crust is a massive potential habitat for microbial life on Earth, yet our understanding of this ecosystem is limited due to difficulty in access. In particular, measurements of rates of microbial activity are sparse. We used stable carbon isotope incubations of crustal samples, coupled with functional gene analyses, to examine the potential for carbon fixation on oceanic crust. Both sea...

The collision of the Indian sub-continent with Asia involves complex mechanisms of deformation: the creation and propagation of faults which accommodate the extrusion of continental blocks, the thickening of the crust of the Earth. Our goal is to develop a simplified numerical model that should account for the main phenomena that interact in such collisions [1]. In this model, the crust is cons...

1. Distribution of earthquakes on the Earth 2. Reasons for earthquakes in the Earth's crust 3. Types of the Earth's lithosphere and Plate Tectonics 4. Types of seismic waves 5. Measurement of the size of an earthquake 6. The models of earthquake source 7. Nature of deep (mantle) earthquakes 8. Earthquake recurrence interval study 9. Earthquakes as a motor for geodynamic processes 10. Correspond...

In 1922 the Russian geologist Vladimir Vernadsky coined the term “biogeochemistry” in recognition of the intimate connections that exist between living organisms and the physical components of the Earth. This insight came after many failed attempts to understand the chemical makeup of the Earth’s atmosphere and crust through strictly geochemical processes, ignoring the influence of element inte...

CRUST ON VENUS USING NIGHTSIDE NEAR-INFRARED THERMAL RADIATION. G. L. Hashimoto, S. Sugita, and T. Imamura, Center for Climate System Research, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kan...

Uranium and thorium within the Earth produce a major portion of terrestrial heat along with a measurable flux of electron antineutrinos. These elements are key components in geophysical and geochemical models. Their quantity and distribution drive the dynamics, define the thermal history, and are a consequence of the differentiation of the Earth. Knowledge of uranium and thorium concentrations ...

The variation of any parameter related to the Earth geodynamics is as much influenced by external causes to the earth surface as by internal ones, besides the possible instrumental effects. The elimination of the first and the last ones in the considered parameters (sea level, grav1ty, deformations, etc.) would leave us as data the variations produced by geodynamical phenomena internal to Earth...

No known rocks have survived from the first 500 m.y. of Earth history, but studies of single zircons suggest that some continental crust formed as early as 4.4 Ga, 160 m.y. after accretion of the Earth, and that surface temperatures were low enough for liquid water. Surface temperatures are inferred from high d18O values of zircons. The range of d18O values is constant throughout the Archean (4...

The observation of ultrahigh energy neutrinos (UHEνs) has become a priority in experimental astroparticle physics. UHEνs can be detected with a variety of techniques. In particular, neutrinos can interact in the atmosphere (downward-going ν) or in the Earth crust (Earth-skimming ν), producing air showers that can be observed with arrays of detectors at the ground. With the Surface Detector Arra...

Abs tract . After a brief description of the modern instrumentation used in Geodesy for the detection, of the deformations of the crust of the Earth, follow a list of problems and a discussion concerning the needs for the survey of -the physical quantities of in_ terest in geodesy, geology, geophysics and engineering such as the strain invariants, the optimal network of baselines and the ac_ cu...