crust breaking of saffron is an important operation at the first stage of growth that should be accuratly operated as in this period sprouts of saffron rise up to near the soil surface. after primary irrigation, farmers soften the soil surface by means of different cultivation implements, which enables saffron flowers arise from subsurfarce. this research was conducted to compare tillage implem...

A sequence of eight twice-daily meals, each marked with different rare earth elements, was fed to 24 Spanish goats (BW = 20.6 +/- 1.94 kg) to produce meal-based profiles of rare earth markers within segments of the gastrointestinal digesta on subsequent slaughter. Accumulative mean residence time and time delay of rare earths and segmental and accumulative mean residence times of indigestible N...

The radial density of planets increases with depth due to compressibility, leading impacts on their convective dynamics. To account for these effects, including the presence a quasi-adiabatic temperature profile and entropy sources dissipation, compressibility is expressed through dissipation number, $\mathcal{D}$, proportional planet's radius gravity. In Earth's mantle, effects are moderate, b...

Much of the Earth's mantle was melted in the Moon-forming impact. Gases that were not partially soluble in the melt, such as water and CO2, formed a thick, deep atmosphere surrounding the post-impact Earth. This atmosphere was opaque to thermal radiation, allowing heat to escape to space only at the runaway greenhouse threshold of approximately 100 W m(-2). The duration of this runaway greenhou...

Much of the Earth’s mantle was melted in the Moon-forming impact. Gases that were not partially soluble in the melt, such as water and CO2, formed a thick, deep atmosphere surrounding the postimpact Earth. This atmosphere was opaque to thermal radiation, allowing heat to escape to space only at the runaway greenhouse threshold of approximately 100 W m−2. The duration of this runaway greenhouse ...