A modern city is a complex, dynamically changing natural and anthropogenic system that must provide its residents with comfortable safe living environment. Along the traditional elements of city's infrastructure: transport system, sewerage, water supply, heat electricity social infrastructure (schools, hospitals, etc.), role ecological growing. The latter includes both artificial objects enviro...

tehran city has been subject of critical environmental challenges during the course of 20th. century namely: massive population growth, broad expansion, reduction in urban open/green spaces, increasing in energy consumption and waste production. releasing industrial wastewater into river valleys have led to considerable changes in structure of city's natural landscape. the natural structur...

Call for Papers Hurricane Katrina (2005) devastated New Orleans thereby revealing inherent vulnerabilities that resided in the socio/political/ecological/technical infrastructure (system) of the city and the nation. The event highlighted the ‘...city’s fragile physical environment, aging infrastructure, and declining economic and social structure’ (Comfort, 2006:1). Comfort (2006:2) asks the qu...

Call for Papers Hurricane Katrina (2005) devastated New Orleans thereby revealing inherent vulnerabilities that resided in the socio/political/ecological/technical infrastructure (system) of the city and the nation. The event highlighted the ‘...city’s fragile physical environment, aging infrastructure, and declining economic and social structure’ (Comfort, 2006:1). Comfort (2006:2) asks the qu...

Today almost all ecosystems on Earth are directly or indirectly influenced by human activity. Most species occur in ecosystems that are managed by humans and only a small fraction of biodiversity exists in protected areas. Therefore, human dominated areas must also be considered for conservation of biodiversity. I have studied the effect of urbanization and green area management on bumble bees,...

Urban habitats are characterized by high levels of disturbance, impervious paving, and heat retention. These factors, acting in concert, alter soil, water, and air conditions in ways that promote the growth of stress-tolerant, earlysuccessional vegetation on abandoned or unmaintained land. In most urban areas, a cosmopolitan array of spontaneous plants provide important ecological services that...

This paper outlines a framework for understanding gameplay from the perspective of ecological psychology. According to this perspective, gameplay can be described in terms of perceiving, acting on and transforming the affordances that are related to a game system or to other players in a game. Challenges in games have an emphasis on perceiving suitable actions and/or performing suitable actions...

Land use and land cover change is driven by multiple influential factors from environmental and social dimensions in a land system. Land use practices of human decision-makers modify the landscape of the land system, possibly leading to landscape fragmentation, biodiversity loss, or environmental pollution-severe environmental or ecological impacts. While landscape-level ecological risk assessm...