in this paper, we construct two fuzzy sets using the notions of level subsets and strong level subsets of a given fuzzy set in a ring r. these fuzzy sets turn out to be identical and provide a universal construction of a fuzzy ideal generated by a given fuzzy set in a ring. using this construction and employing the technique of strong level subsets, we provide the shortest and direct fuzzy set ...

‎based on an eigenvalue analysis‎, ‎a new proof for the sufficient‎ ‎descent property of the modified polak-ribière-polyak conjugate‎ ‎gradient method proposed by yu et al‎. ‎is presented‎.

Type structures are a simple device to describe higher-order beliefs. However, how can we check whether two types generate the same belief hierarchy? This paper generalizes the concept of a type morphism and shows that one type structure is contained in another if and only if the former can be mapped into the other using a generalized type morphism. Hence, every generalized type morphism is a h...

We examine Sen’s descent relations among (non-)BPS D-branes by using low energy effective field theories of DpD̄p system. We find that the fluctuation around the kink solution reproduces the low energy matter content on a nonBPS D(p−1)-brane. The effective action for these fluctuation modes turns out to be a generalization of Minahan-Zwiebach model. In addition, it is shown that the fluctuations...

The notion of a state-morphism on pseudoeffect algebras is introduced, and pseudo-effect algebras with distinguished state-morphisms are studied under the name state-morphism pseudo-effect algebras (SMPEAs). It is shown that every SMPEA admits a representation as a (total) state-morphism algebra, and some results from the general theory of state-morphism algebras (that is, algebras endowed with...

1. Brief summary onétale cohomology In this section, k denotes a field, a scheme will mean a separated scheme of finite type over k and a morphism of schemes will mean a morphism over k. We put p = char k. 1.1. Definition and examples ofétale sheaves. A morphism X → Y of schemes is said to bé etale if Ω 1 X/Y = 0 and if X is flat over Y. Example 1.1. An open immersion isétale. The morphism G m ...

In an attempt to classify all of the overlap-free morphisms constructively using the Latin-square morphism, we came across an interesting counterexample, the Leech square-free morphism. We generalize the combinatorial properties of the Leech square-free morphism to gain insights on a larger class of both overlap-free morphisms and square-free morphisms.