Because muscles must be repetitively activated during functional electrical stimulation, it is desirable to identify the stimulation pattern that produces the most force. Previous experimental work has shown that the optimal pattern contains an initial high-frequency burst of pulses (i.e., an initial doublet or triplet) followed by a low, constant-frequency portion. Pattern optimization is part...

BACKGROUND Gastric electrical stimulation has been attempted for several years with little success. AIMS To determine whether movement of liquid gastric content could be achieved using microprocessor controlled sequential electrical stimulation. METHODS Eight anaesthetised dogs underwent laparotomy and implantation of four sets of bipolar stainless steel wire electrodes. Each set consisted ...

Analysis of the feeding kinematics of Astatotilapia (a small cichlid fish) suggests the presence of peripheral feedback modulation of the motor pattern, allowing the act of suction to be abbreviated. In this way, the effort spent in suction is minimized. The biological significance of the development of such a modulating feedback system is not immediately obvious from a ‘classical ecological’ p...

We aimed to determine whether postexercise depression of motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) could be demonstrated without voluntary muscle activation in humans. Voluntary fatigue was induced with a 2-min maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle. On another occasion, "electrical fatigue" was induced with trains of shocks delivered for 2 min over the FDI motor...

In an animal model of prelingual deafness, we examined the anatomical and physiological effects of prolonged deafness and chronic electrical stimulation on temporal resolution in the adult central auditory system. Maximum following frequencies (Fmax) and first spike latencies of single neurons responding to electrical pulse trains were evaluated in the inferior colliculus of two groups of neona...

The embedded power systems are nowadays developing at high pace. Hybrid-electric vehicles, full-electric vehicles, airplanes, ships, high-speed trains, all share a common point – the embedded electrical power system. This paper aims to present an optimization methodology of a fuzzy-logic supervision strategy. The optimization objectives are to minimize the DC-link voltage variations, and to inc...

Control software plays an important role in the development of alternative drive trains. Energy management intervenes with the control of the combustion engine, the transmission or an additional electrical machine in different ways. In order to develop the energy management before or parallel to the vehicle construction phase, a complex software development process is required that equally supp...

The Effect of Interaural Frequency Mismatch on Correlation Change Detection in Bilateral Cochlear-Implant Users Matthew Goupell University of Maryland College Park Background The insertion depth of a cochlear implant (CI) may differ across the ears in the case of bilateral implantation. This will cause an interaural frequency mismatch of electrical stimulation that may affect binaural processin...

The penetration of converter connected generation is increasing globally, bringing with it valid concerns over the stability modern electricity network. In terms frequency stability, provision inertia and support from interfaced has been topic significant research a wide range systems considered. One resource that avoided attention GB rail electrical rolling stock. Everyday thousands trains run...