The visually impaired are the people who can have permanent or temporary loss of vision. Such people cannot see, read or write as the normal human beings. There are several substituting equipments and aid to help them lead a normal life. Similarly to read, Braille notations are being used. These Braille editions are not available for each text book. Thus to help them read the conventional text ...

Publishers initially used computing technology to streamline their internal publication procedures, which led to supplying electronic information to online vendors. Online retrieval systems, in turn, spawned other electronic information services, such as gateway vendors. Increasingly, publishers are supplying electronic information to libraries and end-users for local use, and publishers are ex...

Free text fields are often used to store clinical drug data in electronic health records. The use of free text facilitates rapid data entry by the clinician. Errors in spelling, abbreviations, and jargon, however, limit the utility of these data. We designed and implemented an algorithm, using open source tools and RxNorm, to extract and normalize drug data stored in free text fields of an anes...

Some scholars still doubt that the electronic text has much of a role in humanities, and particularly literary scholarship, when it is compared to the printed book. They fear that that the use of computers blows away all else in its path, leaving nothing standing that we might recognise. Others are enthusiastic about the possibility of the new medium to hold unprecedented amounts of information...

BACKGROUND The electronic surveillance for adverse drug events is largely based upon the analysis of coded data from reporting systems. Yet, the vast majority of electronic health data lies embedded within the free text of clinical notes and is not gathered into centralized repositories. With the increasing access to large volumes of electronic medical data-in particular the clinical notes-it m...

In this paper, we propose watermark design patterns to model the characteristic of digital watermark in electronic commerce applications. A watermark design pattern preserves the properties of a digital watermark in binary tree representation. Applying the survey results and characteristics of existing watermarking techniques, watermark design patterns for four media data video, image, audio, a...

The bulk of clinical data is available in an electronic form. About 80% of the electronic data, however, is narrative text and therefore limited with respect to machine interpretation. As a result, the discussion has shifted from "electronic versus paper based data" towards "structured versus unstructured electronic data". The XML technology of today paves a way towards more structured clinical...

Electronic information display systems are widely used in public places. The increase in use of light-emitting diodes (LED) display arouses our interest in the effective methods of displaying dynamics text. In order to overcome the limitations of screen size of the display units, numerous means of presenting moving materials on dynamic display have been invented. However, in the past, researche...