A brief survey is given of how motoneurons and motor units are used for the gradation of muscle force during motor behavior. Basic properties of motoneurons and muscle fibers, including major kinds of functional specialization along the axis of 'fast' vs. 'slow', are reviewed. The principles underlying the rate and recruitment gradation of force are described, stressing that the properties of m...

Finite element formulations based generally on classical beam theories such as Euler-Bernoulli or Timoshenko. Sometimes, these two formulations could be problematic expressed in terms of restrictions of Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, in case of thicker beams due to non-consideration of transverse shear; phenomenon that is known as shear locking characterized the Timoshenko beam theory, in case of...

This paper gives a procedure to control the size variation in a mesh adaption scheme where the size speci cation (the so-called control space) is used to govern the mesh generation stage. The method consists in replacing the initial control space by a reduced one by means of size or metric. It allows to improve, a priori, the quality of the adapted mesh and to speed up the adaption procedure. S...

In this paper an overview of functionally graded materials and constitutive relations of electro elasticity for three-dimensional deformable  solids is presented, and  governing equations of the Bernoulli–Euler and Timoshenko beam theories which account for through-thickness power-law variation of a two-constituent material and piezoelectric layers are developed  using the  principle  of virtua...

The initial dry density has a significant effect on the mechanical behavior of rockfill material (RFM). size effects minimum/maximum (referred to as density, ρ d ) RFM still need further study. To investigate relationship between and M , series surface vibration compaction tests DEM simulations are performed samples with different maximum particle sizes . Both physical numerical results exhibit...

In this paper we present our effort to build a push button Image-to-Mesh conversion software for blood vessels pertinent to Arteriovenous Malformations (AVM). AVMs are tangled bundles of abnormal vessels. Cerebral AVMs pose a threat of hemorrhage that could cause severe morbidity or death. Due to the risk and complexity of AVM surgery, neurosurgeons need to be highly trained. A realistic simula...

An image-based gradation calculation method considering crushed stone morphology is proposed in this paper. Eight kinds of stones are prepared to figure out the effect particle shape on gradation. All particles pictured, and photos processed obtain indices by using method. A minimum Feret diameter analysis used, which can reflect influence shape. Then, paper proposes a developed overall regular...