Palpation, a standard procedure in the diagnostic process of muscular pain conditions – myalgia, aims to provoke a muscular pain response. The origin of pain elicited by palpation is not fully understood. There is also a possibility that the pressure elicit response from mechanoreceptors in skin, sub mucosal tissue or periosteum, which may affect the validity of the method. The aim of this stud...

BACKGROUND With the emergence of new laser and dermatologic procedures, the need for more effective topical anesthesia continues to grow. There are now several topical anesthetics that are being used prior to laser and surgical procedures. OBJECTIVE To compare the degree and duration of anesthesia produced by four commonly used topical anesthetics, we performed a prospective study investigati...

Background: Intravenous cannulation is a prerequisite before any major or minor surgical procedures. Objectives: The rationale of the study was to compare effectiveness eutectic mixtures local anesthetics (EMLA) cream and vapocoolant spray for pain reduction during intravenous (I.V.) cannulation. Methods: This observational prospective cohort done on 140 patients requiring I.V. prior elective p...

BACKGROUND Premature infants, who have to spend the first week of their lives in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), experience pain and stress in numerous cases, and they are exposed to many invasive interventions. The studies have shown that uncontrolled pain experienced during early life has negative and long-term side effects, such as distress, and such experiences negatively affect the ...