Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. I confirm the finding that the propensity to start a new firm rises sharply among those in the top five per-centiles of personal wealth. This pattern is more p...

This paper examines the sources of earnings disparities between rural migrants and local workers in urban China’s labor markets, with special attention to the role played by the household registration (hukou) status in occupational segregation. Using data from the population mini-census of China in 2005, we show that rural migrants’ earnings disadvantages are largely attributable to occupationa...

In this paper we utilize the main findings from the recent literature to set the economic foundation for the existence of money, its modern interpretation as “memory” (Chokerlakota 1998) and how the Blockchain technology has empowered crypto currencies to perform this role in the information age.  To locate the issue in a historical perspective and in line with this strand of thought, we consid...

In a pure-currency economy, money is the only durable object and people have private histories so that they cannot be punished individually in the future for current actions. In many such economies, trade is enhanced through the use of money and taxation is not feasible. For economies of that kind in which the distribution of money is a state variable, the conjecture is that there are transfer ...


 One of the problems for workers in Indonesia is termination employment (PHK) between and employers, 2020 government issued Law No. 11 concerning work copyright or omnibus law getting pros cons from society, course there are also many people disagree about this law. Then 2022 Government has officially promulgated Number 2 Concerning Job Creation which outline revised law, at least coverin...

The research work on supply-chain management has primarily focused on the study of materials flow and very little work has been done on the study of upstream flow of money. In this paper we study the flow of money in a supply chain from the viewpoint of a supply chain partner who receives money from the downstream partners and makes payments to the upstream partners. The objective is to schedul...

The Covid-19 pandemic has caused a profound and damaging impact on the global economy, including rise in unemployment. One of significant trends that emerged from is decline graduate recruitment volumes due to closure several business activities among employers. As result, more graduates are likely difficult enter labour market not able earn living. In Malaysia, government universities have put...

In this paper the dependence of wealth distribution and the velocity of money on the required reserve ratio is examined based on a random transfer model of money and computer simulations. A fractional reserve banking system is introduced to the model where money creation can be achieved by bank loans and the monetary aggregate is determined by the monetary base and the required reserve ratio. I...