BACKGROUND/AIM Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is an endocrine disease with the third highest incidence of all endocrine disorders after diabetes mellitus and hyperthyroidism. pHPT is typically caused by a solitary parathyroid adenoma, less frequently by multiple parathyroid gland disease (MGD) and rarely by parathyroid carcinoma. Secondary hyperparatyroidism (sHPT) is a common complication ...

regarding to the important of pancreas in the body, this study was carried out on the histologic structure of pancreas of 6 pairs of iranian native turkeys of both sexes, age ranging from 26-30 weeks. routine histological techniques were used and stained by h&e; and masson’s trichrome, gomori’s method for reticulum, verhoeff’s, maldonado’s methods. the pancreas was covered with a thick dense co...

MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS OF BOTH HUMANS AND RODENTS CONSIST OF THREE PAIRS OF MACROSCOPIC GLANDS: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual. These glands secrete serous, mucous or mixed saliva via the proper main excretory ducts connecting the glandular bodies with the oral cavity. A series of discoveries about the salivary ducts in the 17th century by Niels Stensen (1638-1686), Thomas Wharton (1614-...

The adrenal glands are essential to life. Surgical treatment is governed by whether one or both the glands is involved. Both the cortex and medulla of each gland exercise important physiological functions. When diseased, they give rise to clear-cut endocrine syndromes, but the clinical picture may become obscured by polyglandular interaction. Adrenal disease, as a consequence, is diagnosed earl...

The endocrine system is one of the body’s major homeostatic control systems whose aim is to maintain normal functions and development in the face of a constantly changing environment. Working in tandem with the nervous system, which mainly is responsible for rapid and immediate responses, the approximately 30 different glands comprising the endocrine system tend to act in a slower and more sust...

Histological and histochemical studies on the pancreas of goose (Anser albifrons) were carried out using special staining and light microscope. The pancreas in goose is serous tubuloacinar gland having exocrine and endocrine part. Smooth muscle fibres were absent in capsule of pancreas. Acinar cells have bizonal shape. Intralobular ducts, Interlobular and main excretory ducts were present withi...

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 is an inherited endocrine tumor syndrome, predominantly characterized by tumors of the parathyroid glands, gastroenteropancreatic tumors, pituitary adenomas, adrenal adenomas, and neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus, lungs or stomach. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 is caused by germline mutations of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 tumor suppresso...

With the exception of metastatic involvement of adenomas of endocrine glands, metastasis of one primary tumour to another independent neoplasm is a rare occurrence. This paper records two such examples.

The important renal endocrine aspect implicated in gym nephropathy is the activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Intense exercise can lead to increased sympathetic nervous activity, resulting release renin from juxtaglomerular cells kidneys. Renin acts on angiotensinogen, leading generation angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin II stimulates secretion aldoste...

Hyperplastic cells in subcapsular cell hyperplasia (SCH) lesion in adrenal glands of female IQI/Jic mice were examined by electron microscopy. These cells were small and polygonal, and had irregular nuclei, elongated mitochondria with lamellar cristae and dense lipid droplets. While these cells showed different features, some of them had desmosomes and basement membranes, and a few round mitoch...