Shading reduces the power output of a photovoltaic (PV) system. The design engineering of PV systems requires modeling and evaluating shading losses. Some PV systems are affected by complex shading scenes whose resulting PV energy losses are very difficult to evaluate with current modeling tools. Several specialized PV design and simulation software include the possibility to evaluate shading l...

Abstract Non-technical losses (NTL) is a problem that many utility companies try to solve, often using black-box supervised classification algorithms. In general, this approach achieves good results. However, in practice, NTL detection faces technical, economic, and transparency challenges cannot be easily solved which compromise the quality fairness of predictions. work, we contextualise these...

Shading reduces the power output of a photovoltaic (PV) system. The design engineering of PV systems requires modeling and evaluating shading losses. Some PV systems are affected by complex shading scenes whose resulting PV energy losses are very difficult to evaluate with current modeling tools. Several specialized PV design and simulation software include the possibility to evaluate shading l...

Soft x rays are generated when low-energy electron beams traverse a solid-state superlattice. We investigate the influence of x-ray absorption and electron scattering losses on the maximum power radiated, the required electron energy, and the optimum total thickness of the superlattice. We show that a moderate increase in the electron-beam energy compensates for the losses due to photoabsorptio...

For the IFMIF-EVEDA accelerators, the issues are to minimise the possible important losses at low energy and to avoid micro-losses at high energy. For that, emittance measurements would be helpful guidelines, but lack of space is problematic for the installation of such diagnostics.