turkey as a country located between the main energy resources and the european :union: can play the role of a natural bridge in energy transportation. the eu countries have always tried to find some alternative routes for russian energy pipelines and turkey could be one of the best options. although turkey is poor in oil and natural gas resources, however, this country can play a strategic role...

Prevention of obesity requires policies that work. In this Series paper, we propose a new way to understand how food policies could be made to work more effectively for obesity prevention. Our approach draws on evidence from a range of disciplines (psychology, economics, and public health nutrition) to develop a theory of change to understand how food policies work. We focus on one of the key d...

4 Literature review 6 4.1 Review of fixed to mobile substitution in developed countries for broadband services . . . . . 6 4.2 Measurement of fixed and mobile substitution in developing countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.3 Evaluations of open access policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4.4 Methodological problems with empirical studies on FMS and ope...

it is essential to consider policy assessment in policy cycle. however, ex-ante evaluation has been rarely reviewed in the policy evaluation literature. in the article, a five-phase process of ex-ante evaluation of science and technology policies in policy cycle using grounded theory is offered. for this purpose, through literature review, ten keywords were searched and finally, having chosen 5...

In this paper we describe a framework in which concepts are related to targets of navigation tasks. Concepts are represented by policies, that are improved based on evaluations of a human teacher. Eventually, when the task can be completed, actions with high expected rewards indicate which observation show the ‘concept’. In an experiment we show that the robot is capable of selecting observatio...

This article develops a framework for environmental policy analysis based on an encompassing assessment of transaction costs. This approach emphasizes the ex ante costs of establishing environmental entitlements, and the ex post costs of administrating, monitoring, and enforcing them. The framework is used to organize a literature review which addresses policy design and instrument choice, as w...