How much does a chemical present a real risk to human and environment? The goal of risk assessment is to estimate the likelihood and the extent of adverse effects occurring to man, animals or ecological systems due to possible exposure(s) to substances. The assessment of whether a substance presents a risk to organisms in the environment is based on the comparison of a predicted environmental c...

This paper presents 10 recommendations for improving the European Medicines Agency's guidance for environmental risk assessment of human pharmaceutical products. The recommendations are based on up-to-date, available science in combination with experiences from other chemical frameworks such as the REACH-legislation for industrial chemicals. The recommendations concern: expanding the scope of t...

An Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) for nanomaterials (NMs) is outlined in this paper. Contrary to other recent papers on the subject, the main data requirements, models and advancement within each of the four risk assessment domains are described, i.e., in the: (i) materials, (ii) release, fate and exposure, (iii) hazard and (iv) risk characterisation domains. The material, which is obvious...

The urban heat island effect is a critical factor for air quality management and public health in urbanized areas of New Jersey. This effect is related to an increase in temperatures in urban areas as compared to surrounding lower density rural sites. The overall goal of the project was to contribute to effective regional environmental management under conditions of climate change. The related ...

background: new technologies using hazardous materials usually have certain risks. it is more serious when the technology is supposed to be applied in a large scale and become widely used by many people. the objective of this paper was to evaluate the risk of vapor cloud explosion in a hydrogen production process. methods: potential hazards were identified using the conventional hazard identifi...

Epidemiology has historically played an important role in the recognition of causes for diseases affecting the health of the public. Initially, epidemiology was concerned with infectious diseases. Later it became involved in metabolic and dietary deficiency diseases. Most recently, epidemiology has addressed the question of the public health effects of chemicals from production facilities, acci...

Cocaine-associated biomedical and psychosocial problems are substantial twenty-first century global burdens of disease. This burden is largely driven by a cocaine dependence process that becomes engaged with increasing occasions of cocaine product use. For this reason, the development of a risk-prediction model for cocaine dependence may be of special value. Ultimately, success in building such...

The question of the potential for exposure to inorganic arsenic in water through dermal contact is important when providing guidance about treatment options to private well owners. If dermal contact with the water is an exposure route of concern, then whole house treatment is required, while if only oral exposure is considered, then treatment at the kitchen tap will be sufficient. For this reas...