Various word-processing system have been developed to identify grammatical errors and mark learners’ essays. However, they are not specifically developed for Malaysian ESL (English as a second language) learners. A marking tool which is capable to identify errors in ESL writing for these learners is very much needed. Though there are numerous techniques adopted in grammar checking and automated...

The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between spelling knowledge and reading skills among a group of 16 intermediate-level Arab learners of English as a second language (ESL) and a corresponding comparison group of 21 intermediate-level ESL learners in an English for academic purposes (EAP) program. A spelling task was used to assess the English orthographic or spelling k...

We observe that current language resource tools only provide limited help for ESL/EFL writers with insufficient language knowledge. In particular, there is no convenient way for ESL/EFL writers to look for answers to the frequent questions of correct and appropriate language use. We have developed a language information retrieval method to exploit corporal resources and provide effective refere...

The issue of language barriers is particularly critical during intercultural service encounters for ESL (English as a Second Language) customers. Customers may struggle to communicate what they want or even get necessary information regarding products or services. Through a qualitative study, based on a grounded theory approach, this study identifies issues that concern ESL customers in intercu...

This paper introduces the freely available WikEd Error Corpus. We describe the data mining process from Wikipedia revision histories, corpus content and format. The corpus consists of more than 12 million sentences with a total of 14 million edits of various types. As one possible application, we show that WikEd can be successfully adapted to improve a strong baseline in a task of grammatical e...

This research sought to determine why people chose to invest in Earth Sanctuaries Limited (ESL), which conserves ecosystems and breeds endangered species as its corporate mission, an unequivocally ethical objective. Investors were surveyed to assess the relative importance of financial versus ecological considerations. Demographic and investor behavior attributes o f ESL shareholders were compa...

ESL educators find themselves teaching a diverse group of students in today’s classroom. This study investigated how ESL instructors address diversity in their teaching. The literature review revealed research on the experiences of teachers using culturally responsive teaching strategies. Using qualitative research methods, this study explores the participants’ subjective teaching experiences i...

This paper presents a procedure for constructing an Event Structure Lexicon (ESL), a resource which represents the lexically-entailed subevents in text as a support for textual inference tasks. The ESL is used as a resource for a subevent markup algorithm, called SUBEVITA, which annotates event implicatures on top of TimeML-based extraction algorithms. Such a resource can be used independently ...

For a number of underdeveloped regions, English as a Second Language (ESL) is a critical enabler for improving access to education, knowledge, economic opportunities, social status and computer literacy. Existing educational institutions such as schools, however, have not always effectively addressed this demand for ESL. Based on three field studies among children from the urban slums and rural...

Soy-leaf extracts exert their cardioprotective effects by inducing endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the arteries, and they favorably modulate the serum lipid profile. In this study, we investigated the atheroprotective effects of an ethanol extract of soy leaf (ESL) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and high-cholesterol diet (HCD)-fed low-density lipoprotein receptor defic...