Background: Paratuberculosis and tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC), respectively are economically important, chronic debilitating diseases affecting the dairy herds and are also potential zoonotic threats. Aims: Differential diagnosis of paratuberculosis and TB i...

background: mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of tuberculosis (tb). bacille calmette-guerin (bcg) vaccine, is not effective in adults, therefore, many efforts have been made to produce an effective adult tb vaccine. the aim of this study was to develop a new tuberculosis dna vaccine candidate encoding a recombinant hspx-ppe44-esxv fusion antigen of m. tuberculosis. methods: a fu...

Protein secretion typically involves translocation of unfolded polypeptides or transport of monomeric folded proteins. Here we provide, to our knowledge, the first experimental evidence for secretion of an intact multimeric complex requiring a signal formed by both members of the complex. Using systematic mutagenesis of a substrate involved in early secretory antigen 6 kDa (ESX) secretion in Ba...

This study provides performance comparisons of various storage connection options available to VMware® ESX Server. We used the widely used IOmeter benchmark for the comparison. The results show that all four network storage options can reach wire‐speed throughput when properly configured. The wire‐speed throughput is also maintained with multiple virtual machines driving concurrent I/Os, indica...

The major Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence factor ESAT-6 exported by the ESX-1 secretion system has been described as a pro-apoptotic factor by several independent groups in recent years, sustaining a role for apoptosis in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis. This role has been supported by independent studies in which apoptosis has been shown as a hallmark feature in human and mouse lungs infecte...

VMware ESX Server offers three choices for managing disk access in a virtual machine—VMware Virtual Machine File System (VMFS), virtual raw device mapping (RDM), and physical raw device mapping. It is very important to understand the I/O characteristics of these disk access management systems in order to choose the right access type for a particular application. Choosing the right disk access m...

VMware ESX Server 3.5 is designed for high performance. With a number of optimizations for superior performance, even the most I/O‐intensive applications perform well when deployed on VMware Infrastructure 3. In this paper we compare the performance of a virtual machine to that of a similarly configured native machine using the industry standard SPECweb2005 workload. In our virtualized tests we...

System virtualization allows resources of a single physical machine to be shared among multiple virtual machines (VMs). This can increase system flexibility, but it can also invalidate some assumption that the OS running in a VM has about the system it is executing on. This paper surveys the implementation of symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) in a virtualized environment. It examines two proposal...