Multiple drug resistance (MDR) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mTB), the causative agent for tuberculosis (TB), has led to increased use of second-line drugs, including ethionamide (ETA). ETA is a prodrug bioactivated by mycobacterial and mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs). FMO2 is the major isoform in the lungs of most mammals, including primates. In humans a polymorphism exists ...

Ethionamide (ETA) is an important component of second-line therapy for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Synthesis of radiolabeled ETA and an examination of drug metabolites formed by whole cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb) have allowed us to demonstrate that ETA is activated by S-oxidation before interacting with its cellular target. ETA is metabolized by MTb to a 4-py...

Uste zen baino askoz estuagoa da burmuinaren eta hizkuntza-gaitasunaren arteko harremana. Hizkuntzak ez dira, inolaz ere, ausaz kateatutako hitz-segidak, elementu-multzo batez osatutako sistema konplexuak baizik. Bestalde, elementu horiek guztiak —fonetika, fonologia, morfologia, morfofonologia, sintaxia, semantika eta pragmatika— ez dira kaotikoki lotzen, une oro elkarrekiko mendekotasuna bait...

Genes coding for DNA polymerases eta, iota and zeta, or for both Pol eta and Pol iota have been inactivated by homologous recombination in the Burkitt's lymphoma BL2 cell line, thus providing for the first time the total suppression of these enzymes in a human context. The UV sensitivities and UV-induced mutagenesis on an irradiated shuttle vector have been analyzed for these deficient cell lin...

Hypermutation in immunoglobulin genes produces a high frequency of substitutions of all four bases, which are likely generated by low-fidelity DNA polymerases. Indeed, humans deficient for DNA polymerase (pol) eta have decreased substitutions of A.T base pairs in variable and switch regions. To study the role of pol eta in a genetically tractable system, we created mice lacking pol eta. B cells...

PURPOSE To determine the importance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (ETA) as a virulence factor in corneal disease. METHODS Isogenic mutants deficient in ETA were constructed in P. aeruginosa strains PAO1 and ATCC 19660 by allelic exchange and then evaluated for virulence in a mouse model of bacterial keratitis. The effect of ETA on adherence to scarified corneal epithelium was assessed ...

Gaur egun hizkuntzak irakatsi zein ikasteko hainbat tresna informatiko dauzkagu merkatuan. Euskararen kasuan ere hainbat bide jorratu dira dagoeneko. Izan ere, hizkuntzen irakaskuntzaren arloan aukera asko ematen ditu informatikak. Batzuk hizkuntza bat ikasteko metodo edota osagarri gisa aurkezten dira. Beste batzuk, nahiz eta hizkuntza bat irakasteko izenburupean ez saldu, erabilgarri gerta da...

Using psi(2S)-->pi;{+}pi;{-}J/psi, J/psi-->gammaeta;{'} events acquired with the CLEO-c detector at the CESR e;{+}e;{-} collider, we make the first observations of the decays eta;{'}-->pi;{+}pi;{-}pi;{0} and eta;{'}-->pi;{+}pi;{-}e;{+}e;{-}, measuring absolute branching fractions (37_{-9};{+11}+/-4)x10;{-4} and (25_{-9};{+12}+/-5)x10;{-4}, respectively. For eta;{'}-->pi;{+}pi;{-}pi;{0}, this re...

RNA polymerase activity is regulated by nascent RNA sequences, DNA template sequences, and conserved transcription factors. Transcription factors promoting initiation and elongation have been characterized in each domain, but transcription termination factors have been identified only in bacteria and eukarya. Here we describe euryarchaeal termination activity (Eta), the first archaeal terminati...

In this paper, we prove Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability of $C^*$-ternary algebra homomorphism for the following generalized Cauchy-Jensen equation $$eta mu fleft(frac{x+y}{eta}+zright) = f(mu x) + f(mu y) +eta f(mu z)$$ for all $mu in mathbb{S}:= { lambda in mathbb{C} : |lambda | =1}$ and for any fixed positive integer $eta geq 2$ on $C^*$-ternary algebras by using fixed poind alternat...