In energy-intensive industrial systems, an evaporative cooling process may introduce operational flexibility. Such flexibility refers to a system’s ability deviate from its scheduled energy consumption. Identifying the flexibility, and therefore, designing control that ensures efficient reliable operation presents great challenge due inherently complex dynamics of systems. Recently, machine lea...

Protocols for attaining quantum degeneracy in atomic gases almost exclusively rely on evaporative cooling, a time-consuming final step associated with substantial atom loss. We demonstrate direct laser cooling of a gas of rubidium-87 (87Rb) atoms to quantum degeneracy. The method is fast and induces little atom loss. The atoms are trapped in a two-dimensional optical lattice that enables cycles...

Recent theoretical and experimental studies of evaporation have suggested that on average, molecules in the higher-energy tail of the Boltzmann distribution are more readily transferred into the vapor during evaporation. To test these conclusions, the evaporative cooling rates of a droplet train of liquid water injected into vacuum have been studied via Raman thermometry. The resulting cooling ...

The use of climate-controlled greenhouses and growth chambers makes it possible to maintain high crop productivity and quality when outside air conditions are not favourable. Climate control accuracy may help optimize production costs by reducing energy consumption and by better respecting production calendars. Such objectives can be reached by incorporating new technologies for crop growth cha...