Solid state dye sensitized solar cells have been the focus of much attention over the past few years. We have recently been able to demonstrate efficiencies in excess of 4% and further improvements are expected. Here we compare a range of different hole conductor materials and investigate a number of key parameters which affect their performance. Wetting and pore filling of the nanoporous TiO2 ...

A fundamental challenge in the design of LEDs is to maximise electro-luminescence efficiency at high current densities. We simulate GaN-based LED structures that delay the onset of efficiency droop by spreading carrier concentrations evenly across the active region. Statistical analysis and machine learning effectively guide the selection of the next LED structure to be examined based upon its ...

The question of how to determine which states and actions are responsible for a certain outcome is known as the credit assignment problem remains central research in reinforcement learning artificial intelligence. Eligibility traces enable efficient recent sequence experienced by agent, but not counterfactual sequences that could also have led current state. In this work, we introduce expected ...

We introduce and study the main properties of a class convex risk measures that refine Expected Shortfall by simultaneously controlling expected losses associated with different portions tail distribution. The corresponding adjusted Shortfalls quantify as minimum amount capital has to be raised injected into financial position X ensure ES p ( ) does not exceed pre-specified threshold g for ever...

Parallel application programmers and software engineers have a variety of paradigms at their disposal. Some of the tools include traditional environments such as Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) and Message Passing Interface (MPI). Tools that are more modern involve the World Wide Web, including Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) [1], Java Messaging Service (JMS) [2], Common Object Request Brok...

Au-BiVO(4) heterogeneous nanostructures have been successfully prepared through in situ growth of gold nanoparticles on BiVO(4) microtubes and nanosheets via a cysteine-linking strategy. The experimental results reveal that these Au-BiVO(4) heterogeneous nanostructures exhibit much higher visible-light photocatalytic activities than the individual BiVO(4) microtubes and nanosheets for both dye ...

The STAR experiment at RHIC is a large acceptance detector. The ElectroMagnetic Calorimeter (EMC) will provide a sensitive trigger to study high pt jets and hard photons in AuAu, pp, and pAu collisions. The capability for the EMC to trigger on jets and direct photons was studied for trigger level 0. Trigger efficiencies and expected process rates were obtained for pp and pAu reactions, which wi...